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Liberal Party (Brazil)

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Liberal Party Partido Liberal
Liberal Party Partido Liberal
Image: source and license
AbbreviationPL
LeaderFlávio Bolsonaro
PresidentValdemar Costa Neto[1]
General SecretaryMariucia Tozatti[1]
First TreasurerJucivaldo Salazar[1]
International SecretaryEduardo Bolsonaro[2]
Founded26 October 2006[3]
Registered19 December 2006[4]
Merger ofLiberal Party (1985)
PRONA
HeadquartersEdifício Liberty Mall Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District
Think tankInstituto Fundação Alvaro Valle[5]
Youth wingPL Jovem[6]
Women's wingPL Mulher[7]
Membership (2024)939 614[8]
IdeologyBolsonarism
Conservatism (Brazil)
Right-wing populism
Historical:
Liberalism (Brazilian)
Classical liberalism[9]
Big tent[10][11]
Political positionRight-wing[12] to far-right[13]
Historically:
Centre-right[10][14]
Colours  Green
  Yellow
  Blue
  White
SloganLiberdade, Verdade e Fé, pelo bem do Brasil[15][16]
TSE Identification Number22
Federal Senate29 / 81
Chamber of Deputies121 / 513
Governorships6 / 27
Mayors517 / 5,568
State Assemblies129 / 1,024
City Councillors4,929 / 56,810
Mercosur Parliament7 / 38
Party flag
Website
partidoliberal.org.br
Politics of Brazil
Political parties
Elections ^ A: Before its rightward shift, it was classified as a centre-right party, part of the Centrão.

The Liberal Party (Portuguese: Partido Liberal, PL) is a right-wing Bolsonarist political party in Brazil. From its foundation in 2006 until 2019, it was called the Party of the Republic (Portuguese: Partido da República, PR).

The party was founded in 2006 as a merger of the 1985 Liberal Party and the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA),[9] as a big tent, centre-right party,[10][14][11] and was considered part of the Centrão, a bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that support different sides of the political spectrum in order to gain political privileges.[10][17][18] As such, it supported the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff— members of the centre-left Workers' Party (PT)—and Michel Temer.[19]

In 2021, it became the base of the then-president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro for the 2022 Brazilian general election. This led to many of his supporters joining the party, which thereby became the largest bloc in the National Congress of Brazil,[20] and the Liberal Party took a general shift to the far-right.[21]

History#edit

The Party of the Republic was founded on 26 October 2006, by the merger of the old Liberal Party — which initially started as a classical liberal party,[9] but slowly shifted towards social conservatism after it became influenced by evangelicals[9] — and the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (Partido da Reedificação da Ordem Nacional, PRONA) — a far-right nationalist party.[22][23] The merger was performed in order to surpass the electoral threshold of 5%,[9][24] but also as a rebranding as the Liberal Party was heavily implicated in the Mensalão scandal.[9][25]

Historically, the party was a pragmatic party of business interests, supporting the candidacies of Lula and Dilma from the Workers' Party (PT) for the sake of moderating their presidencies. It generally supported a form of Lulism, which had less economic regulation. As such, the Party of the Republic was considered part of the Centrão.[17][18] PR's predecessor, the Liberal Party, was heavily involved in the Mensalão — a vote-buying scheme done by the Workers' Party in order to gain support in the National Congress,[25] and Lula's Vice President José Alencar was a member of the old PL.

During the 2010 elections, the Party of the Republic focused on the parliamentary elections; it won 41 of the 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 4 of the 81 Senate seats. One of PR's elected politicians was professional humorist and professional clown Tiririca, who became the State of São Paulo's most voted representative with more than one million votes, and due to Brazil's proportional voting system, Tiririca thus supported PR in electing a sizeable amount of representatives.[26]

Sergio Victor Tamer, founder of the Party of the Republic, was the party's president from 2006 to 2014. Alfredo Nascimento succeeded Tamer as president of the PR until April 2016, when he resigned due to party leadership not supporting the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. However, 26 of the PR's MPs did vote for her impeachment.[27]

Liberal Party leaders are frequently implicated in corruption cases. Its president, Valdemar Costa Neto, was convicted of corruption and money laundering in the Mensalão scandal. The party's vice president, Carlos "Bispo" Rodrigues, former transport minister Anderson Adauto and former party treasurer Jacinto Lodos, as well as several deputies and councillors, were also charged in the case.[28]

After that move by its MPs, the party took a more rightward turn away from its bipartisan past and supported Geraldo Alckmin's failed campaign in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.

On 7 May 2019, the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) voted to approve a motion of the party to change its name back to Liberal Party (PL).[29][30] According to party leadership, the change was done in order to return to the party's roots as body defending economic liberalism, the free market and low intervention of the state in the economy. The social positions of the party remained socially conservative, however.[31] Other specialists point it out as part of a national tendency of parties in Brazil rebranding in order to get better perception from the electorate due a process of loss of trust caused by the Brazilian political crisis,[32] and also riding a wave of pro-liberalism sentiment in Brazil.[31]

The Liberal Party provokes controversy in 2020 by nominating an openly neo-Nazi activist as a municipal candidate in the town of Pomerode.[33] Following the controversy, the candidate was expelled from the party, which claimed to be unaware of the candidate's ideology.[34][35][36] The candidacy was subsequently withdrawn.[37]

On 30 November 2021, President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro — who were previously affiliated with the Social Liberal Party (PSL) and left it, attempting to create the Alliance for Brazil party with no avail[38] — joined the PL in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election, as presidential candidates must be affiliated with a political party. He had previously considered returning to the Progressists (PP),[39] the Social Christian Party (PSC), Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), as well negotiation with number of other smaller and/or right-wing to far-right parties.[40] Bolsonaro's affiliation to the PL has been pointed out by analysts as a consolidation of an alliance with the Centrão.[41]

In the 2022 general election, the party had formed a presidential ticket and many gubernatorial tickets with a hard right coalition of the Republicans and the Progressists (PP). The election was a great success to the party, resulting in PL becoming the largest bloc in the National Congress of Brazil with 99 seats and the Federal Senate with 13 seats.[42] According to some analysts, the party had been divided between two wide factions: one with traditional Centrão politicians loyal to party president Valdemar Costa Neto, and a Bolsonarist one, composing about two-thirds of the PL's elected bench, with Bolsonaro’s followers from the PSL.[43][44] In an interview, Neto revealed he feared that in case Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected president, there would be a split in the party as the traditional faction might want to align themselves with a possible PT government, while the Bolsonarist branch would form an opposition.[44] Lula was ultimately elected.

In 2026, the Liberal Party emerged as the largest single party in Brazil, electing 29 Senators (an increase of 14) and 121 deputies (an increase of 22). However, the presidential ticket of Flávio Bolsonaro and Alfredo Gaspar was defeated by Lula in the second round.

Ideology#edit

The Liberal Party is a big tent right-wing conservative party. It was formerly described as centre-right,[10][45] but since Bolsonaro's incorporation the party has moved to the far-right of the political spectrum.[21]

Though previously a party of national liberalism, before its merger with PRONA, the party has increasingly been affiliated with the far-right in Brazil. This has come as a result of the party's joining around the political philosophy of Jair Bolsonaro, who was initially affiliated with the PSL and other socially conservative parties. With the questioning of democracy, foreign policy, and the anti-democratic statements of Bolsonaro, the party seems to have re-embraced some of the tendencies of the head of PRONA Eneas Carneiro, a noted supporter of LaRoucheism, the previous military dictatorship, and a right-wing opposition to neoliberalism.[39]

Generally the party is right-wing populist, economically liberal, but socially anti-liberal and pro-Evangelical, aligning with the ideology of Bolsonaro. The party is pro-agrobusiness, pro-military, and pro-life. The party promotes a generally more economically open form of Brazilian nationalism than Carneiro.[46] In a letter to members in 2021, PL president Valdemar Costa Neto defined the values of freedom, Christian faith, family, and economic liberalism as ideological commitments. He also maintained that the party will act in the interests of agribusiness and the advancement of anti-drug public policies.[47] The party also has defended the right to bear arms and advocates reducing the age of criminal responsibility from 18 to 16 years.[48]

The party has frequently supported Bolsonaro's attacks on the media and the electoral system in Brazil.[49][50][51]

Notable members#edit

President Jair Bolsonaro visiting the Federal Senate
President Jair Bolsonaro visiting the Federal Senate Image: source and license

Election results#edit

Presidential elections#edit

YearPresidentVice-presidentCoalitionResults
2010Dilma Rousseff[52]Michel Temer[53]For Brazil to Keep on Changing[54]55,752,529 (56.05%)Won
2014Dilma Rousseff[55]Michel Temer[56]With the Strength of the People[57]54,495,459 (51.64%)Won
2018Geraldo Alckmin[58]Ana Amélia Lemos[59]To unite Brazil[60]5,096,350 (4.76%)Lost
2022Jair Bolsonaro[61]Walter Braga Netto[61]For the good of Brazil[62]58,197,923 (49.1%)Lost
2026Flávio Bolsonaro[61]Alfredo Gaspar[61]No coalition59,826,041 (48.21%)Lost

Legislative elections#edit

ElectionChamber of DeputiesFederal SenateStatus
Votes%Seats+/–Votes%Seats+/–
20107,311,6557.5742 / 513New4,649,0242.734 / 81NewCoalition
20145,635,5195.7934 / 5138696,4620.784 / 810Coalition (2015–2016)
Opposition (2016)
Coalition (2016–2018)
20185,224,5915.3133 / 51313,130,0821.832 / 812Support
202218,228,95816.5499 / 5136625,278,76424.8613 / 8111Opposition
202625,824,75522.69%121 / 5132258,307,86128.11%29 / 8116Opposition

See also#edit

Notes#edit

  1. ^ a b c "Membros da Executiva Nacional". Partido Liberal. 9 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Eduardo Bolsonaro assume Secretaria de Relações Internacionais do PL". UOL. 12 November 2024.
  3. ^ "História do Partido da República (até 2014)". Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Archived from the original on 9 March 2026. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  4. ^ "Partidos políticos registrados no TSE". TSE. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  5. ^ "Fundação Alvaro Valle". institutoalvarovalle.org.br. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  6. ^ website | https://pljovem.com.br/
  7. ^ website | https://plmulher.org.br/
  8. ^ G1 (8 April 2026). "PL e Missão ganham mais filiados em ano eleitoral; MDB perde mais e PT também recua". Archived from the original on 8 April 2026. Retrieved 8 April 2026.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "PARTIDO LIBERAL (PL)". CPDOC (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e Joao Gado (8 December 2020). "Partidos em números: PP e PL". Pindograma. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b Gomez Bruera, Hernan (2013). Lula, the Workers' Party and the Governability Dilemma in Brazil. Routledge. p. 77.
  12. ^ Cardoso, Fernando; Brito, Ricardo; Paraguassu, Lisandra (5 October 2026). "Right-wing wave in Brazil's Congress boosts Bolsonaro camp ahead of presidential runoff". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2026. Brazil's right-wing Liberal Party, home to Senator Flavio Bolsonaro's presidential bid, emerged as the biggest winner in congressional elections on Sunday, securing the largest single-party representation in both the Senate and the lower house.; "Brazil's Bolsonaro joins Liberal Party ahead of 2022 vote". France 24. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2026. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, who has been without a political party since 2019, on Tuesday joined the right-wing Liberal Party (PL) ahead of 2022 elections.; Boadle, Anthony (5 April 2022). "Analysis: Bolsonaro's party grows as center-right rivals stumble into Brazil campaign season". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2026. Bolsonaro's decision to join Brazil's right-wing Liberal Party (PL) last month helped draw a wave of new members, making it the largest party in the lower house of Congress with 75 seats...; Bamonte, Marcelo (5 October 2026). "Flávio Bolsonaro edges Lula in Brazil's closest first-round presidential vote". Latin America Reports. Retrieved 15 October 2026. With virtually all ballot boxes counted, Bolsonaro, of the right-wing Liberal Party (PL), received 47.03% of valid votes, against 45.16% for Lula.; Pompeia, Caio (11 January 2024). "Agri-bolsonarism: a movement led by agricultural elites and far-right politicians in Brazil". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 51 (7): 1483–1507. doi:10.1080/03066150.2023.2301440. Retrieved 15 October 2026. A right-wing party with ideological malleability, the PL leaned further to the right after Bolsonaro's affiliation.; Brooks, Sarah M.; Cunha, Raphael; Mosley, Layna (11 May 2026). "Financial markets and mass political attitudes: evidence from the 2022 Brazilian election". Review of International Political Economy. doi:10.1080/09692290.2026.2664516. Retrieved 15 October 2026. The runoff election pitted incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro, from the right-wing Liberal Party (PL), against former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, from the left-wing Workers' Party (PT).; Albuquerque, Eduardo da Motta e (3 July 2022). "Notes for a political economy of Bolsonarism: Brazilian specificities of the global far right". International Socialism (175). Retrieved 15 October 2026. ...in 2021, he joined a traditional right-wing party—Partido Liberal (PL; Liberal Party), which has 75 deputies in the Brazilian parliament.
  13. ^ "Bolsonaro party challenges Brazil election result". BBC News. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2025. The far-right party of Brazil's outgoing president, Jair Bolsonaro, has challenged some votes in October's election that saw him lose narrowly to leftist Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.; Harris, Bryan (24 September 2023). "Brazil's conservative carnival tries to put on brave face in era of resurgent left". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 February 2025. "Lula's government is marked by hatred, resentment and revenge," said Julia Zanatta, a federal lawmaker with Bolsonaro's increasingly far-right Liberal party.; Venugopalan, Murali; Venugopalan, Johanna; Venugopalan, Mundiyath (26 May 2023). One Nice Guy Not so Nice: Joe Biden's Ineptitude. AuthorHouse. ISBN 979-8-8230-0783-2. Seventy-seven old former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from the left-wing Workers' Party beat sixty-seven year old President Jair Bolsonaro from the far-right Liberal Party by five percentage points in the first round, four weeks ago.; Munk, Tine; Kennedy, Morag (3 September 2024). Victimisation in the Digital Age: An Online/Offline Continuum Approach. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-13048-3. The legal actions were initiated by the Liberal Party, a far-right group that supported the establishment of Jair Bolsonaro's government.; Mukherjee, Hoimi (1 June 2023). "Brazil's Emergence in the United States' 'Backyard': Domestic Leadership and Systemic Status". Jadavpur Journal of International Relations. 27 (1): 7–32. doi:10.1177/09735984231161723. ISSN 0973-5984. Recent disclosure shed light on the role played by the United States and a section of anti-Lula elites in Lula's controversial arrest and the rise of Bolsonaro of the far-right Liberal Party (Fishman et al. 2020; Fox 2022).
  14. ^ a b "Bolsonaro to join center-right PL party to take on leftist Lula". Reuters. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  15. ^ "Painel: Valdemar inaugura slogan do PL alinhado ao bolsonarismo" (in Portuguese). folha.uol.com.br. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  16. ^ transl. Freedom, Truth and Faith, for the good of Brazil
  17. ^ a b "Bolsonaro se filia ao PL e volta ao centrão em evento com ataques a Lula e Moro". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 November 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  18. ^ a b "'Vocês votaram num cara do Centrão', diz Bolsonaro sobre críticas por ingresso no PL". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  19. ^ "Basômetro: acompanhe o governismo na Câmara". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  20. ^ "Bancada dos partidos — Portal da Câmara dos Deputados". www.camara.leg.br. Archived from the original on 1 February 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Far-Right Hate and Extremist Groups in Brazil". Global Project Against Hate and Extremism. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
  22. ^ Couto, André. "Partido de Reedificação da Ordem Nacional (PRONA)". Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Partido da Republica (PR)". CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 March 2026. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  24. ^ The electoral threshold (Cláusula de Barreira) was first passed as a law in 1995 for the 2006 Brazilian general election, but a coalition of smaller parties petitioned the Supreme Federal Court to block it alleging it was inconstitutional. name="24">"Folha Online - Brasil - STF derruba cláusula de barreira - 07/12/2006". www1.folha.uol.com.br.> The electoral threshold only started taking place after the 2018 Brazilian general election.
  25. ^ a b "Christina diz que presidente do PL concebeu o "mensalão" - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  26. ^ "O "Efeito Tiririca" e a importância da votação para deputado". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  27. ^ "Partido da República" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  28. ^ https://extra.globo.com/noticias/brasil/desde-2000-623-politicos-foram-cassados-dem-lidera-ranking-diz-pesquisa-727489.html
  29. ^ "Aprovada alteração do nome do Partido da República (PR) para Partido Liberal (PL)" (in Portuguese). Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  30. ^ "Partidos políticos registrados no TSE". Tribuna Superior Eleitoral. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  31. ^ a b "PR volta a ser PL para retornar às suas origens, anuncia deputado". Campo Grande News (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 February 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Dez partidos políticos mudaram de nome nos últimos quatro anos | A Gazeta". www.agazeta.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  33. ^ "Dans le Brésil de Jair Bolsonaro, des néonazis de plus en plus visibles et décomplexés". Le Monde.fr (in French). 11 October 2021.
  34. ^ "PL expulsa candidato simpatizante do nazismo em Santa Catarina". www.gazetadopovo.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  35. ^ "Brazilian man with infamous swastika pool expelled from his political party". Jewish News. JTA. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  36. ^ "Candidato a vereador que tem suástica na piscina é intimado". CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  37. ^ "Candidato com suástica na piscina desistiu de candidatura em Pomerode". ndmais.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  38. ^ "Idealizado por Bolsonaro, partido Aliança pelo Brasil acaba por falta de assinaturas". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 November 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Win or lose, Jair Bolsonaro poses a threat to Brazilian democracy". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  40. ^ "Bolsonaro negocia com DC, PMN e PSC e deve anunciar novo partido este mês". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  41. ^ "Bolsonaro se filia ao PL e retoma 'casamento' com o centrão". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  42. ^ "Direita mantém crescimento, esquerda oscila negativamente e centro afunda". JOTA Info (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  43. ^ "Cerca de dois terços da bancada eleita do PL são mais Bolsonaro que Valdemar". www.metropoles.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  44. ^ a b "Valdemar prevê racha no PL se Lula vencer". www.metropoles.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  45. ^ "Brazil's Next Elections Bring the Risk of Social Unrest". New Lines Institute. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023. Bolsonaro, who is now running as a member of the center-right Liberal Party after being forced to join a political party to run for re-election, aligns closer with a far-right political ideology.
  46. ^ "Partido de Reedificacção de Ordem Nacional (PRONA)". CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  47. ^ Lima, Wilson (11 July 2023). "Exclusivo: em carta a deputados, Valdemar reafirma que PL é conservador e "partido de oposição"". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 15 September 2025.
  48. ^ "Malta defende redução da maioridade penal para crimes hediondos". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  49. ^ Fishman, Andrew (2 June 2022). "Lula Leads, but Bolsonaro Could Still Win Reelection in Brazil". The Intercept. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  50. ^ "Citizens' manifesto declares Brazilian democracy facing 'immense danger'". the Guardian. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  51. ^ "Brazilians fear return to dictatorship as 'deranged' Bolsonaro trails in polls". the Guardian. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  52. ^ PT
  53. ^ PMDB
  54. ^ PT, PMDB, PR, PSB, PDT, PCdoB, PSC, PRB, PTC and PTN
  55. ^ PT
  56. ^ PMDB
  57. ^ PT, PMDB, PSD, PP, PR, PROS, PDT, PCdoB and PRB
  58. ^ PSDB
  59. ^ PP
  60. ^ PSDB, PP, PTB, PSD, PRB, PR, DEM, Solidarity and PPS
  61. ^ a b c d PL
  62. ^ PL, Republicans and PP
  63. ^ https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-2026 | TSE
Categories 2006 establishments in BrazilBolsonarismConservative liberal partiesConservative parties in BrazilFar-right political parties in BrazilLiberal parties in BrazilPolitical parties established in 2006Political parties that oppose LGBTQ rights in BrazilNational conservative partiesNationalist parties in BrazilRight-wing parties in South AmericaRight-wing populism in Brazil

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