2026 Brazilian general election

Having unsuccessfully run for president in 1989, 1994 and 1998, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the left-wing Workers' Party was elected in 2002 and 2006. He was then succeeded by his chief of staff, Dilma Rousseff, who was elected in 2010 and 2014. In 2016, Rousseff was removed from office due to administrative misconduct and was succeeded by her vice president, Michel Temer, of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement. Lula attempted to run for president again, but was prevented due to his conviction on corruption charges in 2017 as part of Operation Car Wash and imprisoned in 2018. Right-wing candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party was elected president in 2018. Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party in 2019 and joined the Liberal Party in 2021.^[5]

A series of rulings by the Supreme Federal Court questioning the legality of Lula's trial led to his release from prison in 2019 and the restoration of his political rights by 2021.^[6][7] Lula narrowly defeated Bolsonaro in the 2022 presidential election, securing a non-consecutive third term. In response to his loss, some Bolsonaro supporters demanded a military coup to prevent Lula's inauguration, but failed to gather sufficient support.^[8] Bolsonaro was subsequently convicted by the Supreme Federal Court, barred from running for a second term before 2030, and arrested in 2025.^[9] He endorsed his eldest son, Senator Flávio Bolsonaro.

Brazil's president and vice president are elected as a joint ticket using the two-round system. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October (in this instance, 4 October 2026).^[10] A candidate who receives more than half of the valid votes in the first round is elected.

If this threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates with the most votes in the first round advance to a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this case, 25 October 2026). The candidate with the most votes in the second round is elected. Elections for governors and vice governors of all 26 states and of the Federal District are held on the same dates and with the same two-round system as the presidential election.^[11]

Two-thirds of the 81 members of the Brazilian Senate are up for election in 2026, two senators being elected from each of the states and the Federal District using plurality block voting. The other third of the Senate was elected in 2022.^[12]

All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies) are elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. All members of the state legislative assemblies (state deputies) and of the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District (district deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, are also elected. These elections are held using open list, proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method.^[13][14]

All seven members of the District Council of Fernando de Noronha are elected by single non-transferable vote. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council are not nominated by political parties.^[15]

Voters#edit

Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years of age and mandatory for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years of age, except conscripts, who are not allowed to vote during their period of mandatory military service.^[16] Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification, such as being absent from their voting locality at the time,^[17] must pay a fine, normally R$3.51,^[18][19] equivalent to about US$0.70 as of 2026. In some cases, the fine may be waived, reduced, or increased by up to 10 times.^[20]

Brazilian citizens residing abroad may only vote for president and vice president.^[21] Under the Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal, Portuguese citizens legally residing in Brazil for more than three years may also register to vote in Brazilian elections.^[22]

About 158.7 million people were eligible to vote in the 2026 Brazilian elections.^[23]

Candidates and political parties#edit

All candidates for federal, state, Federal District, and municipal offices must be nominated by a political party. For offices to be elected by majority or plurality (executive offices and senators), parties may form an electoral coalition (coligação) to nominate a single candidate. The coalitions do not need to be composed of the same parties for every nomination, do not need to be maintained after the election, and are not valid for offices to be elected proportionally (deputies and aldermen).^[24]

Parties may also form a different type of alliance called federation (federação), which acts as a single party to nominate candidates for all offices in all locations, including those to be elected proportionally, and must be maintained with a single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature.^[25] Federations may also act as parties to form coalitions. For the 2026 election, the registered federations are Brazil of Hope (PT–PCdoB–PV), Always Forward (PSDB–Cidadania), PSOL REDE Federation (PSOL–REDE), Solidary Renewal (PRD–Solidarity), and Progressive Union (Union–PP).^[26]

For offices to be elected proportionally, each party must nominate candidates of each sex in a distribution between 30 and 70%.^[24] Parties must also allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each sex and race, with a minimum of 30% of funds for Black and Brown candidates.^[27][28]

Procedure#edit

Voting in Brazilian elections can only be done in person and only on election day, which is always a Sunday. There is no provision for postal or early voting. Voter registration must be done in advance, and each voter can only vote in one designated voting station, either based on the voter's registered domicile or at a different location that the voter must specifically request if planning to be there temporarily on election day. Voters must provide photo identification at their voting station before proceeding to vote.^[29]

About 95,000 voting stations are installed in all municipalities of Brazil, the Federal District, and Fernando de Noronha.^[30] Most voting stations are in public schools.^[31] In some sparsely populated areas, such as indigenous territories, the installation and use of voting stations requires extensive travel and logistics.^[32] Voting stations are also installed in 164 locations in other countries, mostly in Brazilian diplomatic missions, for citizens residing abroad.^[33]

Voting is done almost entirely on direct-recording electronic voting machines, designed for extreme simplicity. The voter dials a number corresponding to the desired candidate or party, causing the name and photo of the candidate or party to appear on the screen, then the voter presses a green button to confirm or an orange button to correct and try again. It is also possible to leave the vote blank by pressing a white button, or to nullify the vote by dialing a number that does not correspond to any candidate or party. Paper ballots are only used in case a voting machine malfunctions or in locations abroad with fewer than 100 voters.^[29]

The electronic system is subject to extensive tests, including on machines randomly selected from actual voting stations on election day, witnessed by political parties to rule out fraud. After voting ends, every machine prints a record of its total votes for each candidate or party, which is publicly displayed for comparison with the results published electronically.^[34] The system delivers the complete election results usually a few hours after voting ends, which is extremely fast for such a large population as Brazil. However, the system does not create a physical record of individual votes to allow a full recount.^[35]

Voting stations operate at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00 UTC−02:00, 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00 UTC−04:00, and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00.^[29] The unified voting time does not apply to voting stations for citizens abroad, which operate from 8:00 to 17:00 local time, ranging from 16 hours before to 4 hours after those in Brazil.^[36]

Administration#edit

Unusual in the world, Brazilian elections are administered by the judiciary.^[37][38] Brazil has one Superior Electoral Court (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, TSE), and each state and the Federal District have a Regional Electoral Court (Tribunal Regional Eleitoral, TRE), all headed by judges selected from other courts.^[39] The electoral courts are responsible for judicial tasks such as ruling on disputes and potential violations of electoral law, and for implementing the elections, such as registering voters and candidates, installing voting machines, counting votes, publishing the results, and issuing regulations and monitoring compliance.^[37][38]

Confirmed candidates#edit

Potential candidates who did not run#edit

Early developments#edit

In late October 2025, President Lula da Silva announced the beginning of his re-election campaign, for his fourth presidential term.^[84] Some media sources and opposition figures raised concerns about Lula's age, especially following a fall and brain bleed he suffered in December 2024.^[84] Polls at the time from Quaest reported that 38% of respondents made crime their primary concern.^[85]

In December 2025, Flávio Bolsonaro, senator of Rio de Janeiro and son of the imprisoned Jair Bolsonaro, announced his intended candidacy.^[85][86] Shortly after his announcement, he suggested dropping out of the campaign in return for favors, saying "There's a possibility I won't go all the way, ... have a price for that. I will negotiate."^[86] Many believed this meant that Bolsonaro was saying he would drop out of the election if his father was released from prison.^[86] Bolsonaro later retracted this statement saying that after speaking with his father, he would continue with his campaign.^[86]

Lula made efforts to make the Constitutional Amendment to End the 6x1 Work Schedule pass, and in October Flávio, as a senator, made the opposition to vote in favor of it.^[87][88] Bolsonaro once said the proposal was "opportunistic" because it was presented on the eve of the election.^[89]

Corruption scandals#edit

Corruption was a top concern for many voters during the campaign, and a wide-ranging scandal involving politicians and Supreme Federal Court justices dominated headlines before the first round.^[90] Two cases involved figures from both the government and the opposition.

The Banco Master scandal began when the Central Bank ordered the extrajudicial liquidation of Banco Master on 18 November 2025, citing a severe liquidity crisis and serious violations of financial-system rules.^[91] The Federal Police's (PF) Operation Compliance Zero investigates alleged fraud, corruption and money laundering linked to the bank. Its former controlling shareholder, Daniel Vorcaro, was arrested in November 2025, and the PF estimates the total fraud at about R$12 billion. Four public figures have been linked to Vorcaro in the investigations. Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, the opposition's presidential candidate, is under Supreme Court investigation over R$61 million that Vorcaro reportedly paid to finance Dark Horse, a film about his father Jair Bolsonaro; he denies wrongdoing and says the money was private sponsorship.^[92][93][94] A PF report made public on 1 September 2026 recorded messages attributed to Vorcaro and addressed to justice Alexandre de Moraes, and a R$131 million contract between the bank and the law firm of Moraes's wife; Moraes denies wrongdoing.^[95][90] As of October 2026, the Court had not decided whether to open an investigation into him. Senator Ciro Nogueira, who served as Chief of Staff (Casa Civil) under Jair Bolsonaro, was a target of a search warrant on 7 May 2026 after the PF told the Supreme Court he had received undue advantages from Vorcaro; his defense says he took no part in illicit activities.^[96] Senator Jaques Wagner, then the Lula government's leader in the Senate, was a target of the operation's ninth phase on 18 June 2026,^[97] and left the leadership post on 24 June;^[98] he denied wrongdoing.^[99]

The INSS fraud scandal involves unauthorized deductions from the benefits of retirees and pensioners by associations and unions; the PF and the comptroller general estimate that about R$6.3 billion was deducted between 2019 and 2024.^[100] Investigators also suspect that INSS employees were paid bribes to supply beneficiaries' data.^[101] The case reached the president's circle through the lobbyist Antônio Carlos Camilo Antunes, known as "Careca do INSS", whom the PF identifies as one of the scheme's main operators. Since late July 2026 the Supreme Court has authorized three PF inquiries into president Lula's eldest son, Fábio Luís Lula da Silva (Lulinha), for alleged influence peddling and corruption on behalf of companies dealing with the federal government, including a medical-cannabis firm linked to Antunes. The third inquiry, authorized by justice Flávio Dino, also targets Marco Aurélio Santana Ribeiro, known as "Marcola", who headed Lula's private office (chefe de gabinete) until 21 July. Lulinha is mentioned in the INSS inquiry itself but is not formally investigated there; he denies irregularities and says he did not know of the INSS scheme.^[102] Marcola says a R$220,000 payment from the businesswoman Roberta Luchsinger, who is also under investigation, was a loan that has been repaid, with nothing offered in return.^[103]

Institutional crisis at the Supreme Federal Court#edit

On 1 September 2026, justice André Mendonça lifted the confidentiality of a 218-page Federal Police (PF) report, produced at his request from the phone of former banker Daniel Vorcaro. The disclosure triggered an institutional crisis at the Supreme Federal Court (STF).^[95] The report lists messages that the PF attributes to Vorcaro and addressed to justice Alexandre de Moraes, including on 17 November 2025, the day Vorcaro was arrested; it does not include most of the replies attributed to Moraes.^[104] It also describes a contract of about R$131 million between Banco Master and the law firm of Moraes's wife, Viviane Barci de Moraes, and does not conclude that Moraes committed a crime.^[105] Moraes denied favoring Vorcaro and disputed the authenticity of the messages and the report's chain of custody.^[106] The report also mentions prosecutor general Paulo Gonet, citing messages in which the lawyer Ciro Soares appears as an intermediary between him and Vorcaro;^[107] Gonet said he had met Vorcaro only once, briefly.^[108]

On 3 September, in a decision issued within the Fake News Inquiry, Moraes cited PF intelligence reports to suspect Mendonça of abuse of authority, administrative improbity and crime of responsibility in his handling of the Master and INSS investigations, and asked the court's president, Edson Fachin, to open proceedings against him.^[109] On 8 September, Mendonça ordered the preventive removal of the PF's director-general, Andrei Rodrigues, and its intelligence director, Leandro Almada da Costa, alleging that the PF had illegally monitored his work.^[110][111] The next day, 9 September, justice Flávio Dino ordered both officials reinstated. Fachin then suspended the decisions of both Mendonça and Dino, citing the conflicts and procedural overlaps created by the successive rulings, and revoked Moraes's designation as rapporteur of the Fake News Inquiry, taking charge of it himself while preserving the acts already performed.^[112][113] He also moved Moraes's request against Mendonça out of that inquiry into a procedure under the court's presidency, suspended the proceeding on the Vorcaro–Moraes report, and convened an extraordinary plenary session for 15 September to examine, among other points, the legality of Mendonça's order that deepened the analysis of Vorcaro's phone, the validity of the evidence obtained, and the Public Prosecutor's Office's request to annul the procedure.^[111]

On 15 September, the plenary met to examine the petition (PET 16662) on whether to open an investigation into Moraes. Justice Nunes Marques declared himself impeded, citing his presidency of the Superior Electoral Court, and justice Dias Toffoli declared himself suspect for reasons of personal conscience (foro íntimo).^[114][115] The court did not reach the merits. It first took up a point of order by justice Gilmar Mendes to merge PET 16662 with PET 16704, which concerns Moraes's request against Mendonça. Fachin, Mendonça, Luiz Fux and Cármen Lúcia voted to keep the cases separate; Gilmar Mendes, Cristiano Zanin and Moraes voted to merge them. Dino also spoke in favor of merging but then requested more time to review the case (pedido de vista) and asked that his position not be counted, leaving a provisional result of 4–3.^{[116][117][118]} Dino has up to 90 days to return the case, which would take the resumption to December.^[119] On 17 September, Fachin removed PET 16704 from the agenda of the 23 September session, stating that it would be rescheduled at a later date.^[120]

Concerns about United States interference#edit

United States president Donald Trump showed interest in Brazil's elections, and there were concerns that his administration might interfere in favor of Bolsonaro.^[121][122] Members of the United States Senate issued a joint letter to US Secretary of State Marco Rubio saying that his administration was using pressure tactics that could harm Brazil's democracy, and highlighting Darren Beattie's controversial role in the Department of State. They urged the administration to promise to accept the results of the elections in Brazil.^[121] Bolsonaro chose to not ask Trump for his endorsement.^[123]

Jorge Messias, Lula's attorney general who was unsuccessfully nominated for the Supreme Federal Court in 2025, accused the United States of interfering against the Brazilian Supreme Court in a post on X.^{[124][125][126]}

In March 2026, through an edict, the TSE contracted to Hughes Telecommunications of Brazil, which would use satellite terminals with the infrastructure of Starlink,^[127] which belongs to Elon Musk, to ensure the sending of results from remote areas that do not have conventional data transition infrastructure.^[128] This caused controversy due to Musk's ties to the Trump administration,^[129] and concerns about data sovereignty.^[130][131]

In October 2026, Intercept Brasil reported that Flavio allegedly paid $600,000 to a US company in order to manipulate the elections.^{[132][133][134]}

On 2 October, two days before the first round, foreign embassies in Brazil issued security alerts and advised their citizens in the country to exercise caution. The United States suspended in-person services at its embassy in Brasília and at consulates in the country, citing security concerns but without specifying the alleged threats; in 2022, it had issued a security alert, but the embassy had remained open.^[135] The order came from the State Department, headed by Marco Rubio. Following the United States's action, the Federal Police (PF) and the Brazilian Intelligence Agency (ABIN) warned of a psychological operation (PSYOP) coordinated by the White House in collusion with Flávio Bolsonaro's campaign, which aimed at a new attempted coup d'état by generating a climate of permanent tension until the first round. This information was obtained by Fórum and confirmed by a "prominent ambassador" in the government. A PF source stated the attempted coup then underway was intended to intervene in the election in favour of a candidate, generating fear and causing people to vote for Bolsonaro or simply not to vote. This "hybrid warfare" would include the participation of big tech companies and was internally referred to by the Brazilian Intelligence System (SISBIN) as Operation Brother Sam II, in reference to the operation related to the 1964 military coup. Intelligence agencies believed the Trump administration's decision, through Marco Rubio, may have been carried out through Eduardo Bolsonaro's intervention.^[136] Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee John Kiriakou stated the spy agency was "potentially intervening" in Brazil's elections in favor of Bolsonaro, declaring there is "credible evidence" of this.^[137]

Following the defeat of his ally Flávio Bolsonaro, Donald Trump stated, without presenting any indication or evidence, that the election in Brazil "looked like a rigged election"; when asked whether he would do anything about it, Trump said that he "does not govern Brazil" and that he likes president Lula da Silva.^[138] Re-elected vice president Geraldo Alckmin criticised Trump's statement, calling it misguided.^[139] The United States government had postponed the release of an official statement on the result after Bolsonaro questioned Lula's victory and called for the election to be annulled; the statement had already been prepared and congratulated Brazilians on holding the election.^[140] According to international relations researcher Ricardo Leães, Lula's victory blocks Trump's plans in Latin America to "dominate the entire subcontinent and appropriate all the resources".^[141]

Second round endorsements#edit

Debates broadcast on television or radio were legally required to invite all candidates whose parties or coalitions had at least five members in the National Congress based on the previous election.^[155] Lula, Bolsonaro, Caiado and Cury satisfied this criterion.^[156][157] Debate organizers could also choose to invite additional candidates. Shortly before the last debate for the first round, judges granted injunctions ordering the debate organizers to also invite Zema and Santos.^[158]

14 September: The debate in Osasco was canceled due to the fact that Lula and Bolsonaro had not confirmed their attendance by the 7 September deadline. The debate in São Paulo was canceled because all the candidates, except Renan Santos, either failed to confirm or canceled their participation.^[162][163]

27 September: The debate was canceled due to the fact that Lula and Bolsonaro had not confirmed their attendance.^[172][173]

1 October: Initially, the candidates whose participation is required by law were invited: Lula, Bolsonaro, Ronaldo Caiado and Augusto Cury. On 29 September, the president of the Superior Electoral Court, Justice Nunes Marques, ruled that Romeu Zema's participation should also be guaranteed, since his party currently holds five seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The next day, 30 September, Lula confirmed he would not take part in the debate. On 1 October, just hours before the debate, TSE Justice Estela Aranha suspended a rule agreed upon by all campaigns, under which an absent candidate would be represented by an empty podium, and the other candidates could direct questions to it. Moments later, Bolsonaro withdrew from the debate, citing "censorship imposed by the TSE". Shortly afterward, Supreme Federal Court Justice Gilmar Mendes granted an injunction guaranteeing Renan Santos's participation in the debate. Following this series of court rulings, Globo decided to cancel the debate less than an hour before it was due to begin.^[174][175]

11 October: The debate was canceled due to scheduling conflicts on the part of both candidates.^[176]

15 October: The debate was canceled due to scheduling conflicts on the part of both candidates. Instead, Lula and Bolsonaro took part in Globo's candidate interviews on 15 and 16 October, respectively.^[177]

18 October: The first debate between the final two contenders was described as "chaotic" and characterized by personal attacks: Bolsonaro declined to stand closer to Lula out of fear that "his wallet would be stolen", while Lula reminded Bolsonaro of his father's criminal conviction. In one notable incident, Bolsonaro wrote the word corrupto ("corrupt") on the palm of his hand to point out that it contained the letters "PT"; the quip backfired, however, with Lula supporters deliberately misinterpreting the gesture as a confession rather than an accusation.^[182][183]

The results of the previous general elections and the current composition of the National Congress are given below. The party composition changed during the course of the legislature due to replacements of members, changes in their party affiliation, and mergers of parties. In 2026, all members of the Chamber of Deputies and two thirds of the Senate (two senators from each state and the Federal District) will be up for election.

First round#edit

Second round#edit

President#edit

Results by federative unit#edit

Chamber of Deputies#edit

Results by federative unit#edit

Federal Senate#edit

Results by federative unit#edit

At 9:08 p.m. (UTC−03:00) on election day, the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) confirmed Lula da Silva's victory, when 97% of the ballot boxes had been counted.^[200] He became the first person to be elected president of Brazil four times^[201] and the first to win a presidential election in a runoff after placing second in the first round.^[202]

A victory by Lula had been seen as unlikely following the first round results,^[3] and commentators had fit a potential Bolsonaro victory into a wider trend across Latin America in which voters had "punished [left-wing] incumbents and turned to the right",^[203] as exemplified by recent elections in Argentina in 2023, Chile in 2025, and Colombia in 2026.^[203] In explaining Lula's victory, political observers noted the result in Minas Gerais, a state which has been a bellwether in every presidential election since 1989, where Lula trailed by 6 points in the first round but won by 1 point in the runoff.^[204] The turnout also increased from about 79% in the first round to about 81% in the runoff, which analysts said was favorable to Lula;^[204] both Lula and Bolsonaro focused their runoff campaigns on mobilizing their supporters to turn out, especially with digital advertisements.^[204] O Globo highlighted the role of politician André Janones who created the WhatsApp channel Exército do Lula (lit. "Lula's Army"),^[205] which amassed over 10 million followers and became Brazil's second biggest WhatsApp channel, most of whom joined between the first round and the runoff.^[206][207] According to the newspaper Metrópoles, Janones is the most significant political leader to have emerged from the last two presidential elections in Brazil, and Lula would not have secured his fourth term without his "decisive" role in the campaign. The day after Lula's victory, Janones was invited to help Pedro Sánchez in the Spanish elections.^[208]

Bolsonaro refused to concede the election, saying he felt that "it is impossible to recognize the election result given how these events unfolded",^[202] referring to a decision by Supreme Federal Court (STF) justice Cristiano Zanin to postpone poll closing from 17:00 to 19:00.^[201] Both campaigns had requested for voting hours to be extended in specific areas; Lula's campaign pointed to shortages of public buses and other transportation problems in São Paulo^[209] as well as throughout the Northeast Region,^[201][202] while Bolsonaro's campaign pointed to heavy rains and flooding in the south.^{[201][202][209]} However, after the votes were counted, Bolsonaro cited the decision to extend voting hours as his reason to not accept the result of the election, saying his campaign would "take legal action" and "ask for this election to be annulled".^[202]

In announcing the results, TSE president Nunes Marques, who had been appointed by Jair Bolsonaro, said that the extension of voting hours did not impact the result of the election.^[209] Analysts noted that an annulment of the election was unlikely,^[210] and that Flávio Bolsonaro's refusal to accept the result of the election echoed that of Jair Bolsonaro in the 2022 election.^[210]

Flávio Bolsonaro's departure from Brazil#edit

The day after his defeat, Flávio Bolsonaro was summoned by the Federal Police (PF) to surrender his passport, pursuant to an order issued by STF justice Alexandre de Moraes. Moraes based his decision on a statement by Flávio's brother, Eduardo Bolsonaro, who said that in the event of defeat Flávio should leave Brazil.^[211] He was also prohibited from having contact with Willer Tomaz, who like him was under investigation for money laundering in a scheme that allegedly involved online gambling companies.^[212] Earlier that day, at least three federal deputies—Duda Salabert, Otoni de Paula and Rogério Correia—had requested the seizure of the senator's passports, noting he would lose his immunity at the end of the year and was the subject of three investigations on suspicion of, among other offenses, corruption and foreign exchange evasion.^[213]

On 27 October, Infobae reported that Bolsonaro had allegedly fled Brazil the previous night, heading for Argentina, from where he would continue his journey to the United States. He had reportedly crossed the border using his national identity document and was to board a Gulfstream G400 registered as LV-JQW, operated by the company Baires Fly, in Puerto Iguazú. Bolsonaro had earlier stated he had "never thought about leaving the country".^[214] Flávio Bolsonaro's getaway private jet belonged to a company used by Javier Milei.^[215] Following the news of the alleged flight, the Federal Police of Brazil contacted Argentine authorities, who did not provide precise information about Bolsonaro's entry into Argentina; furthermore, he had been prohibited from leaving Brazil.^[216] Brazilian newspapers Metrópoles, Folha de S.Paulo, channel CNN Brazil and British agency Reuters informed that close relatives and allies confirmed his departure from the country on his way to the United States.^{[217][218][219][220]}

• Bolsonarism
• Lulism
• List of elections in 2026

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2. ^ Magalhaes, Luciana Novaes; Paraguassu, Lisandra; Brito, Ricardo; O'Boyle, Brendan; Brito, Ricardo; O'Boyle, Brendan (4 October 2026). "Bolsonaro beats expectations in Brazil presidential vote, will face Lula in runoff". Reuters. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
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8. ^ Paraguassu, Lisandra; Brito, Ricardo (15 March 2024). "Former Brazil military chiefs implicate Bolsonaro in coup conspiracy". Reuters.
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13. ^ "Chamber of Deputies electoral system". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
14. ^ "How does the proportional system work?" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
15. ^ "Fernando de Noronha escolherá representante de cargo de Conselheiro" [Fernando de Noronha will choose representative for office of Councilor] (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. 29 August 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2026. Retrieved 16 May 2026.
16. ^ "Direito/Obrigatoriedade do Voto" [Right/obligation to vote] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
17. ^ "Justificativa eleitoral" [Electoral justification] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
18. ^ "Tira-dúvidas dos eleitores" [Questions and answers for voters] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 3 July 2026. Retrieved 16 May 2026.
19. ^ "Multa Eleitoral" [Electoral fine] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 3 July 2026. Retrieved 16 May 2026.
20. ^ "Resolução nº 23.659, de 26 de outubro de 2021" [Resolution no. 23.659, of 26 October 2021] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Articles 127 and 133. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
21. ^ "Eleitorado no Exterior" [Voters abroad] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court.
22. ^ "Com estatuto de igualdade de direitos políticos, há mais de 26 mil portugueses aptos a votar no Brasil" [With statute of equality of political rights, there are more than 26 thousand Portuguese eligible to vote in Brazil]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). 5 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
23. ^ "Faltam 30 dias: Brasil tem mais de 158 milhões de eleitoras e eleitores aptos a votar" [30 days to go: Brazil has over 158 million eligible voters] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 30 September 2026. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
24. ^ a b "Resolução nº 23.609, de 18 de dezembro de 2019" [Resolution no. 23609, of 18 December 2019] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
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28. ^ "Resolução nº 23.610, de 18 de dezembro de 2019" [Resolution no. 23610, of 18 December 2019] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Article 77. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2026.
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32. ^ "Magistrados estaduais do Amazonas designados para atuar no processo eleitoral levam a cidadania, por meio do voto, aos locais mais distantes do Estado" [State magistrates of Amazonas designated to act in the electoral process bring citizenship, by means of vote, to the most distant locations of the state] (in Portuguese). Court of Justice of Amazonas. 24 August 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022.
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34. ^ "Auditoria e fiscalização" [Audit and inspection] (in Portuguese). Electoral Justice. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
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39. ^ "Conheça a composição do TSE, definida pela Constituição Federal" [Discover the composition of the TSE, defined by the Federal Constitution] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
40. ^ "Divulgação de Candidaturas e Contas Eleitorais" [Publishing of candidates and electoral accounts] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court of Brazil.
41. ^ Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses.
42. ^ Candidates from coalitions that include parties which passed the electoral threshold in 2022 are entitled to free advertisement on television and radio from 28 August to 1 October 2026. The block for presidential candidates occurs three days per week, twice per day, for 12min30s, of which 10% are divided equally among all candidates entitled to airtime, and 90% are distributed proportionally to the number of federal deputies of the parties in each candidate's coalition. name="airtime1-44">"Resolution no. 23610, of 18 December 2019" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court of Brazil. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2026.> The times listed below are in minutes and seconds per block. name="airtime2-45">"TSE ordinance no. 473 of 29 July 2026" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court of Brazil.> If there is a runoff election, the two remaining candidates receive blocks of free airtime divided equally between them, from 9 to 23 October 2026. name="airtime1-44"/>
43. ^ "Leonardo Avalanche (PRTB) renuncia à candidatura à Presidência" [Leonardo Avalanche renounces candidacy for president] (in Portuguese). G1. 30 September 2026. Archived from the original on 3 October 2026. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
44. ^ "DC lança Joaquim Barbosa à Presidência no lugar de Aldo Rebelo" [DC launches Joaquim Barbosa for president in place of Aldo Rebelo] (in Portuguese). CNN Brasil. 16 May 2026. Archived from the original on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
45. ^ "Joaquim Barbosa diz ao Democracia Cristã que não será candidato à Presidência". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 July 2026. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
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52. ^ Cappelli, Paulo (11 February 2025). "O que Fernando Haddad diz sobre um dia disputar a Presidência" [What Fernando Haddad says about one day running for President]. Metrópoles (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 September 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
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87. ^ "Oposição tende a votar a favor do fim da escala 6x1 após aval de Flávio Bolsonaro". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 14 October 2026.
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96. ^ "PF aponta que Ciro Nogueira recebeu vantagens indevidas de Daniel Vorcaro" (in Brazilian Portuguese). CNN Brasil. 7 May 2026. Archived from the original on 2 September 2026. Retrieved 27 October 2026.
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98. ^ "Alvo de operação da PF, Jaques Wagner deixa liderança do governo no Senado". Revista Oeste (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 27 October 2026.
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146. ^ a b "Veja quem Cury, Renan Santos e outros candidatos apoiam no 2º turno". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.
147. ^ a b "PCO orienta voto nulo no 2º turno da eleição presidencial". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 October 2026. Archived from the original on 15 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.
148. ^ a b c d e f g Barros, Anna (8 August 2026). "Lula e Alckmin registram candidatura à reeleição no TSE pela coligação 'Brasil Pronto Pra Mais'". WSCOM (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 October 2026. Retrieved 8 October 2026.
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150. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Veja os partidos e presidenciáveis que declararam apoio a Flávio Bolsonaro e Lula no segundo turno". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2026. Archived from the original on 11 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.
151. ^ While the official party's position was to endorse Flávio Bolsonaro, 10 of the party's state directories declared support for Lula in the second round. name="155">"MDB declara apoio a Lula em dez Estados do Norte e Nordeste". Congresso em Foco (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 October 2026. Archived from the original on 14 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.>
152. ^ While the official party's position was not to endorse either presidential candidate in the second round, presidential candidate Ronaldo Caiado publicly announced his support for Bolsonaro. name="Endorsements-147"/>
153. ^ a b c "Quais partidos apoiam Lula e quais apoiam Flávio Bolsonaro?". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2026. Archived from the original on 24 September 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.
154. ^ "PRTB anuncia neutralidade no 2º turno das eleições presidenciais". Noticias R7. 10 October 2026. Archived from the original on 10 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026.
155. ^ (citation text missing)
156. ^ (citation text missing)
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158. ^ "Globo cancela debate por causa de decisões do TSE e do STF" [Globo cancels debate because of decisions of TSE and STF] (in Portuguese). Poder360. 1 October 2026. Archived from the original on 3 October 2026. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
159. ^ Times are in UTC−03:00.
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161. ^ Transmissão Do Debate Da Band De Candidatos À Presidência: Eleições 2026 – 23 August 2026. Rádio BandNews FM. 23 August 2026. Retrieved 24 August 2026 – via YouTube.
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163. ^ a b "Pool de veículos cancela debates para Presidência e governo de SP" (in Brazilian Portuguese). CNN Brasil. 8 September 2026. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
164. ^ "Caiado e Renan Santos organizam 'debate paralelo'". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 September 2026. Retrieved 10 September 2026.
165. ^ "'Debate paralelo' é cancelado e dá lugar a sabatina com Renan Santos". Noticias R7. 14 September 2026. Retrieved 15 September 2026.
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168. ^ @flowpdc; (13 August 2026). "21 de Setembro: Debate do Flow nas eleições de 2026". Retrieved 10 September 2026 – via Instagram.
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172. ^ a b "Estadão e Record firmam parceria para debates presidenciais e ao governo de São Paulo". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 July 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026.
173. ^ a b "Outro Canal: Sem Lula e Flávio Bolsonaro, Record decide cancelar debate presidencial do 1º turno". F5 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2026. Archived from the original on 23 September 2026. Retrieved 24 September 2026.
174. ^ a b "Quem vai ao debate presidencial da Globo? Confira os confirmados" (in Portuguese). G1. 30 September 2026. Archived from the original on 1 October 2026. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
175. ^ a b "Globo cancela debate com candidatos à Presidência da República". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 October 2026. Retrieved 1 October 2026.
176. ^ a b ""Record" cancela debate entre Lula e Flávio marcado para domingo". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2026. Archived from the original on 9 October 2026. Retrieved 9 October 2026.
177. ^ a b "Pool de veículos com CNN Brasil antecipa debate presidencial para 15/10". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 October 2026. Archived from the original on 6 October 2026. Retrieved 7 October 2026.
178. ^ "Debate entre Flávio e Lula acontece neste domingo (18); saiba como assistir" (in Portuguese). Band. 18 October 2026.
179. ^ Flávio Bolsonaro x Lula: debate presidencial do 2º turno (in Portuguese). Band Jornalismo. 18 October 2026. Archived from the original on 22 October 2026. Retrieved 25 October 2026 – via YouTube.
180. ^ "Debate presidencial da Globo: quando será e onde assistir" (in Portuguese). G1. 23 October 2026.
181. ^ Debate na Globo entre Lula e Flávio Bolsonaro (in Portuguese). Globo. 23 October 2026.
182. ^ Buschschlüter, Vanessa; Schreiber, Mariana (19 October 2026). "Personal attacks fire up debate before Brazil's run-off vote". BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
183. ^ Phillips, Tom (20 October 2026). "Flavio Bolsonaro's corrupto stunt sparks viral meme before Brazil election runoff". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
184. ^ a b c "Senadores em Exercício" (in Portuguese). Senate of Brazil. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
185. ^ "Bancadas Atuais" (in Portuguese). Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. Archived from the original on 6 August 2026. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
186. ^ Named Party of the Republic before 2019.
187. ^ 4 senators from the Social Liberal Party and 4 senators from Democrats, which merged to form Brazil Union in 2022.
188. ^ Named Brazilian Republican Party before 2019.
189. ^ Including 6 deputies from the Social Christian Party, which merged into Podemos in 2023.
190. ^ Including 2 senators from the Humanist Party of Solidarity and 1 senator from the Social Christian Party, which merged into Podemos in 2019 and 2023.
191. ^ Senator from the Social Christian Party, which merged into Podemos in 2023.
192. ^ Including 3 deputies from the Republican Party of the Social Order, which merged into Solidarity in 2023.
193. ^ Including 1 senator from the Republican Party of the Social Order, which merged into Solidarity in 2023.
194. ^ 4 deputies from Patriota and 1 deputy from the Brazilian Labour Party, which merged to form the Democratic Renewal Party in 2023.
195. ^ 1 senator from the Progressive Republican Party, which merged into Patriota in 2019, and 2 senators from the Brazilian Labour Party, which merged with Patriota to form the Democratic Renewal Party in 2023.
196. ^ Named Popular Socialist Party before 2019.
197. ^ Compared to the combined results of Podemos and the Social Christian Party in 2022. The Social Christian Party merged into Podemos in 2023.
198. ^ Compared to the combined results of the Brazilian Labour Party and Patriot in 2022. The two parties merged to form the Democratic Renewal Party in 2022.
199. ^ Compared to the Brazilian Woman's Party in 2022. The party was renamed to Democrat in 2025.
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203. ^ a b Rossi, Marina; Prazeres, Leandro; Buschschlüter, Vanessa (25 October 2026). "Lula wins fourth term in Brazil but faces hostile Congress and divided country". BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
204. ^ a b c Freitas, Alessandra; Zegarra, Gonzalo (26 October 2026). "How Lula beat Bolsonaro, broke records, and halted the right-wing wave aligning Latin America with Trump in 20 days". CNN. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
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207. ^ "Canal 'Exército do Lula' alcança 10 milhões de seguidores e se torna o 2º maior do Brasil". CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 October 2026. Retrieved 27 October 2026.
208. ^ Leitão, Matheus (26 October 2026). "Janones é convidado a ajudar Pedro Sánchez nas eleições espanholas" [Janones is invited to help Pedro Sánchez in the Spanish elections]. Metrópoles (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2026.
209. ^ a b c Hughes, Eléonore; Savarese, Mauricio; Brigida, Anna-Catherine (26 October 2026). "Lula is declared winner of Brazil's election as Bolsonaro rejects results". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
210. ^ a b Paraguassu, Lisandra; O'Boyle, Brendan; Magalhaes, Luciana Novaes (25 October 2026). "Brazil's Lula wins historic fourth term, Flavio Bolsonaro refuses to concede". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
211. ^ "Flávio é intimado pela PF para entregar passaporte por determinação de Moraes" [Flávio is summoned by PF to hand over his passport by determination of Moraes]. O GLOBO (in Portuguese). 26 October 2026. Archived from the original on 26 October 2026.
212. ^ Amato, Fábio; Haidar, Daniel; Netto, Vladimir; Turollo Jr, Reynaldo (26 October 2026). "Moraes determina que Flávio Bolsonaro entregue passaporte e proíbe que ele deixe o país" [Moraes orders Flávio Bolsonaro to hand over his passport and prohibits him from leaving the country]. g1 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 October 2026.
213. ^ Grandi, Guilherme; Manfrin, Juliet (26 October 2026). "Deputados governistas pedem apreensão do passaporte de Flávio Bolsonaro" [Government-aligned deputies request the seizure of the passport of Flávio Bolsonaro]. Gazeta do Povo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 October 2026.
214. ^ "Flávio teria viajado à Argentina para ir para os EUA, diz site; aliado nega" [Flávio reportedly traveled to Argentina to go to the US, says website; ally denies]. UOL (in Portuguese). 27 October 2026. Archived from the original on 27 October 2026.
215. ^ Feijó de Abreu, Diego (27 October 2026). "Jatinho de possível fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro é de empresa usada por Javier Milei" [Flávio Bolsonaro's possible getaway private jet belongs to a company used by Javier Milei]. Metrópoles (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2026.
216. ^ Martins, Natália; Lima, Bruna (27 October 2026). "PF aciona polícia argentina após suposta fuga de Flávio com destino aos EUA" [Federal Police contacts Argentine police after alleged flight of Flávio to the US]. R7 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2026.
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218. ^ Gielow, Igor; Albuquerque, Ana Luiza (27 October 2026). "Aliados de Flávio dizem que ele já foi para os EUA". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 October 2026.
219. ^ Junqueira, Caio; Bergamasco, Débora; Rajão, Guilherme; Mega, Isabel (27 October 2026). "Aliados dizem que Flávio Bolsonaro está fora do Brasil". CNN Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 October 2026.
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