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Phylum

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The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown. Image: source and license

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪ.lʊm/, FYE-luum; pl.: phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, the term division has been used in botany instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 32 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

General description#edit

The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek phylon (φῦλον, 'race, stock'), related to phyle (φυλή, 'tribe, clan').[4][5] Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., stock / tribe] (Phylon)."[6] In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi.[1][7] The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four embranchements of Georges Cuvier.[8]

At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).[9] Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.[citation needed]

Definition based on genetic relation#edit

The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.[9] Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family).[10] On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla (Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[11]

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in clades without any formal ranking of group size.[9]

Definition based on body plan#edit

A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characteristics that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.

This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.[9] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.[9] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.[12]

A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.[13]

Known phyla#edit

Animals#edit

Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species,[14] and some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[15]

LophotrochozoaPlatytrochozoaSpiraliaProtostomiaNephrozoa
Mesozoa, Rouphozoa, etc.
Gnathifera
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia
Basal
PhylumMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicNumber of living species describedNumber of extinct species described
AgmataFragmentedConical shells with angled layers of sediment (laminae), and a thin hollow tube running through the centerNone4–9
AnnelidaLittle ring [16]Segmented worms, annelidsNo single characteristic shared among all species[17]22000+[citation needed]
ArthropodaJointed footArthropodsChitinous cuticle, and, at some life stage or sex, internal segmentation (only embryonic for most Acari), and segmented appendages1250000+[18]20000+ [citation needed]
BrachiopodaArm foot[16]Lampshells[16]True lophophore and pedicle~300–500[citation needed]12000+ [citation needed]
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)Moss animalsMoss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts[16]True lophophore, multiciliated epithelium and destructive metamorphosis~6000[18]
ChaetognathaLonghair jawArrow worms[16]Chitinous spines either side of head and the corona ciliata~100[citation needed]
ChordataWith a cordChordatesHollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, and endostyle~55000[18]
CnidariaStinging nettleCnidariansCnidocyte production~16000[18]
CtenophoraComb bearerComb jellies[16]Eight longitudinal rows of plate-shaped fused groups of cilia~100–150[citation needed]15–26[19]
CycliophoraWheel carryingWheel wearersChordoid organ and larvae, Prometheus larvae and their multiple-male injection, and Pandora larvae2None
DicyemidaLozenge animalDicyemidsInfusoriform larvae, inner axial cell covered by ciliated peripheral cells in vermiform stages, emperipolesis of agametes into the axial cell of the vermiform stages,[20] of the first spermatogonium into the infusorigen axial cell,[21] and of germ line cells into the urn cells during infusoriform embryo formation[22]100+[citation needed]None
EchinodermataSpiny skinEchinoderms[16]Tube feet, mesodermal stereom ossicles, catch connective tissue, water vascular system~7500[18]~13000 [citation needed]
EntoproctaInside anus[16]Goblet wormsAnus positioned within lophophore-like organ and no coelom~150[citation needed]1[23]
GastrotrichaHairy stomach[16]HairybelliesPosterior tubules with adhesive and detaching glands without anchor cells[24]~690[citation needed]
GnathostomulidaJaw orificeJaw worms[16]Monociliated epidermis (also in some gastrotrichs, e.g. Chordodasys, Xenodasys[25]), unique jaws (absent in Agnathiella[26]) without manubria (also absent in some rotifers, e.g. Acanthocephala) or homologous elements[27] and a 5-part unpaired "basal plate"[28] (absent in some genera) without a "manus",[27] and occipitalia (possibly absent in Problognathia minima and an undescribed species and genus[29])~100[citation needed]
HemichordataHalf cord[16]HemichordatesStomochord, three-part body with proboscis/head shield, collar, and trunk, each section with a separate coelom~130[citation needed]8–11 non-graptolites,[30][31][32][33][34][35] ~8400 graptolites[36]
KinorhynchaMotion snoutMud dragonsPresence of both metamerism and scalids~150[citation needed]2[37]
LoriciferaArmour bearerBrush heads, corset animalsHiggins larvae, clavoscalids, spinoscalids with individual intrinsic musculature, protonephridia within gonads in adult~122[citation needed]2–3[38]
MicrognathozoaTiny jaw animals18 pairs of trunk ciliophores[39]2None
MolluscaSoft[16]Mollusks, molluscsMantle, foot (or its precursors or derived structures), radula (absent in bivalves), ctenidia (sometimes absent)[40]85000+[18]80000+[41]
Monoblastozoa
(Nomen inquirendum)		One sprout animalsSingle layer of cells (monoblastic) and through-gut (i.e. anus and mouth), meaning that the cells contact both the internal digestive cavity and external ambient.1None
NematodaThread likeRoundworms, threadworms, eelworms, nematodes[16]Tripartite collagenous cuticle, exclusively longitudinal body-wall musculature (also in Nematomorpha), amphids25,000[18]
NematomorphaThread form[16]Horsehair worms, Gordian worms[16]Mostly subpharyngeal brain, unique larva[42]~320[citation needed]
NemerteaA sea nymph[16]Ribbon worms[16]Proboscis and rhynchocoel (except in Arhynchonemertes)~1200[citation needed]
OnychophoraClaw bearerVelvet worms[16]Sperm with a subplasmalemmal manchette, nine accessory microtubules surrounding the axoneme, an annulus inside the neck region and an extracellular helical band of secretion surrounding the head[43]~200[citation needed]
OrthonectidaStraight swimmerOrthonectidsEmbryonic development undergoes inside a plasmodium,[44] adults made up only of a simple nervous and muscular system,[44] internal reproductive cells,[44] which are gonochoric (with the exception of Stoecharthrum,[44] and, possibly, Pelmatosphaera[45]), and external cells alternating in rings, of 1–3 cell rows,[44] of ciliated and unciliated cells[44] (except in Stoecharthrum, where cells after ring 22 are all ciliated,[46] and Pelmatosphaera, where all cells are ciliated[45][47])~20[citation needed]
PetalonamaeShaped like leavesPetalonamids, frondomorphs, frondsGlide symmetry (on petalodium) without subset radial symmetry (as in sea pens), and sessility
PhoronidaZeus's mistressHorseshoe wormsBody composed of an anterior epistome (prosome), middle lophophore (mesosome), and a posterior trunk (metasome) that has a single pair of metanephridia, tipped with an end bulb (ampulla), actinotroch larva (except in Phoronis ovalis)[40]11[citation needed]
PlacozoaPlate animalsTrichoplaxes, placozoans[16]Minute, asymmetrical, flattened body, "shiny spheres"[40]4 (5 if Treptoplax is valid)Possibly 1[48][49]
PlatyhelminthesFlat worm[16]Flatworms[16]Non-mitotic epidermal cells, replaced by kinetosome-containing cells that originate in the parenchyma,[50] no coelom, protonephridia present[40]~2950[18]
PoriferaPore bearerSponges[16]Choanocytes (absent in some Cladorhizidae),[51] mesohyl, pinacocytes (latter and possibly former absent in Hexactinellida),[52] archeocytes (possibly exclusive to Demospongiae,[53] otherwise, absent in all Calcarea[53] and some Homoscleromorpha[54][55]), spicules (many demosponges and homosclerans lack them, e.g. Halisarca and Oscarella, respectively[40]), no basal lamina[40] (except Homoscleromorpha[56]), nervous or muscle cells[57] (also absent in Placozoa,[57] Myxosporea,[58] (vermiform stages of Malacosporea do have muscles[59]), and Dicyemida[60])10800[18]
PriapulidaLittle PriapusPenis wormsIntrovert with scalids but no trichoscalids~20[citation needed]
ProarticulataBefore articulatesExternal glide symmetry and motilityNone25[citation needed]
RotiferaWheel bearerRotifers,[16] wheel animals, wheel animalculesCorona (sometimes unciliated, e.g. Cupelopagis), "foot" with "toes" and adhesive glands (sometimes absent, e.g. Keratella[61]) (possibly homologous with acanthocephalan cement glands[62]), trophi (sometimes absent, e.g. Acanthocephala,[63] male Asplanchna[64]), intracytoplasmic laminae (also in Micrognathozoa[65])[40]~3500[18]
SaccorhytidaSaccus: "pocket" and "wrinkle"SaccorhytidsMicroscopic, ellipsoidal body shape with pronounced bilateral symmetry expressed by paired spiny sclerites. Single, presumably oral opening on assumed ventral side (no anus).[66]None2[67][68]
TardigradaSlow stepWater bears, moss pigletsOuter connectives (secondary connection between protocerebrum and first ventral trunk ganglion)[69][40]~10003[70]
TrilobozoaThree-lobed animalTrilobozoansFlattened and triradially symmetricalNone
VetulicoliaAncient dwellerVetulicoliansLaterally compressed pelagic animals with gill slits and the anus located at the apex of the segmented tailNone17[citation needed]
XenacoelomorphaStrange hollow formXenacoelomorphs, xenacoels, xenacoelansBilateral symmetry and no nephridia or protonephridia, pulsatile bodies, "xenacoelomorphan cilia" (standard 9+2 microfilament arrangement, except doublets 4–6 fail to reach the end of the cilium)[40]400+[citation needed]
Total: 391,525,000[18]

Plants#edit

The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida,[71] a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.

The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta,[72] while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes),[73] or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.[74]

ArchaeplastidaBiliphyta[71]Other algae
ViridiplantaeGreen algae
Embryophyte (Land plants)
DivisionMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies described
Anthocerotophyta[75]Anthoceros-like plantsHornwortsHorn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system100–300+
Bryophyta[75]Bryum-like plants, moss plantsMossesPersistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular systemapprox. 12,000
CharophytaChara-like plantsCharophytesapprox. 1,000
Chlorophyta(Yellow-)green plants[76]Chlorophytesapprox. 7,000
Cycadophyta[77]Cycas-like plants, palm-like plantsCycadsSeeds, crown of compound leavesapprox. 100–200
Ginkgophyta[78]Ginkgo-like plantsGinkgophytesSeeds not protected by fruitonly 1 extant; 50+ extinct
GlaucophytaBlue-green plantsGlaucophytes15
Gnetophyta[79]Gnetum-like plantsGnetophytesSeeds and woody vascular system with vesselsapprox. 70
Lycophyta[80]Lycopodium-like plants

Wolf plants		ClubmossesMicrophyll leaves, vascular system1,290 extant
AngiospermaeSeed containerFlowering plants, angiospermsFlowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels300,000
Marchantiophyta,[81]

Hepatophyta[75]		Marchantia-like plants

Liver plants		LiverwortsEphemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular systemapprox. 9,000
PolypodiophytaPolypodium-like plantsFernsMegaphyll leaves, vascular systemapprox. 10,560
PicozoaExtremely small animalsPicozoans, picobiliphytes1
Pinophyta,[73]

Coniferophyta[82]		Pinus-like plants

Cone-bearing plant		ConifersCones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids629 extant
PrasinodermophytaPrasinoderma-like plantsPicozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes8
RhodophytaRed plantsRed algaeUse phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments.approx. 7,000
Total: 16

Fungi#edit

DivisionMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies described
AscomycotaBladder fungus[76]Ascomycetes,[76] sac fungiTend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[83] Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.30,000
BasidiomycotaSmall base fungus[76]Basidiomycetes,[76] club fungiBracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.[citation needed]31,515
BlastocladiomycotaOffshoot branch fungus[84]BlastocladsLess than 200
ChytridiomycotaLittle cooking pot fungus[85]ChytridsPredominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic. Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.[86][87][88]1000+
GlomeromycotaBall of yarn fungus[76]Glomeromycetes, AM fungi[76]Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.284
MicrosporidiaSmall seeds[89]Microsporans[76]1400
NeocallimastigomycotaNew beautiful whip fungus[90]NeocallimastigomycetesPredominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.[91]approx. 20 [92]
ZygomycotaPair fungus[76]Zygomycetes[76]Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.[91]approx. 1060
Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain,[93] and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists[94] (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),[95] which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement): Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina.[93]

Protists#edit

The kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.[76] Protista is a paraphyletic taxon,[96] which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.[97]

Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,[98] with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the Catalogue of Life,[99] and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme,[94] with updates from the latest (2022) publication by Cavalier-Smith.[100] Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.[101]

StramenopilesDiaphoretickes
Alveolata
Rhizaria
"Hacrobia"
Amorphea
Excavates
Orphan groups
PhylumMeaningCommon nameDistinguishing characteristicsSpecies describedImage
AmoebozoaAmorphous animalsAmoebozoansPresence of pseudopodia for amoeboid movement, tubular cristae.[101]approx. 2,400[102]
ApicomplexaApical infolds[103]Apicomplexans, sporozoansMostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic apicoplast.[101]over 6,000[103]
Apusozoa
(paraphyletic)		Apusomonas-like animalsGliding biciliates with two or three connectors between centrioles32
BigyraTwo ringsStramenopiles with a double helix in ciliary transition zone
CercozoaFlagellated animalCercozoansDefined by molecular phylogeny, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.[101]
ChromeridaChromera-like organismsChrompodellids, chromerids, colpodellids[104]Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.[101]8[105]
Choanozoa
(paraphyletic)		Funnel animals[76]Opisthokont protistsFilose pseudopods; some with a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellumapprox. 300[102]
CiliophoraCilia bearersCiliatesPresence of multiple cilia and a cytostome.approx. 4,500[106]
CryptistaHidden[76]Defined by molecular phylogeny, flat cristae.[101]246[105][101]
DinoflagellataWhirling flagellates[76]DinoflagellatesBiflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell's left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.[101]2,957 extant
955 fossil[105]
EndomyxaWithin mucus[76][107]Defined by molecular phylogeny,[101] typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.[107]
Eolouka
(paraphyletic)		Early groove[108]Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.[108]23
EuglenozoaTrue eye animalsBiflagellates, one of the two cilia inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.[101]2,037 extant
20 fossil[105]
HaptistaFasten[76]Thin microtubule-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in haptophytes, axopodia in centrohelids), complex mineralized scales.[101]517 extant
1,205 fossil[105]
HemimastigophoraIncomplete or atypical flagellates[109]Hemimastigotes[110]Ellipsoid or vermiform phagotrophs, two slightly spiraling rows of around 12 cilia each, thecal plates below the membrane supported by microtubules and rotationally symmetrical, tubular and saccular cristae.[101][109]10[111]
Heterolobosea;[112]
Percolozoa		Percolomonas-like animalsHeteroloboseans, amoebomastigotes[76]Complex life cycle containing amoebae, flagellates and cysts.[101] Amoeboflagellates with an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst stage in their life cycles. Amoebae usually cylindrical, with a monopodial locomotive form, relatively fast-moving via eruptive lobopodia. Flagellates usually with two or four flagella that arise at the anterior end of a feeding groove. Golgi apparatus lacking a classic stacked form. Mitochondria with discoidal cristae, some species with acristate, hydrogen-producing mitochondrion-related organelles.[112]approx. 170[112]
MalawimonadaMalawimonas-like organismsMalawimonadsSmall free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium.3[113]
MetamonadaMiddle monadsMetamonadsAnaerobic or microaerophilic, some without mitochondria; four kinetosomes per kinetid
Ochrophyta;
Heterokontophyta		Ochre plants, heterokont plantsHeterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytesBiflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls a and c, tubular cristae.[101]21,052 extant
2,262 fossil[105]
Opisthosporidia
(often considered fungi)		Opisthokont spores[114]Parasites with chitinous spores and extrusive host-invasion apparatus
PerkinsozoaPerkinsus-like animalsPerkinsozoans, perkinsidsParasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.[101]26
ProvoraDevouring voracious protists[115]Defined by molecular phylogeny, free-living eukaryovorous heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes.[115]7[115]
PseudofungiFalse fungiDefined by molecular phylogeny, phagotrophic heterokonts with a helical ciliary transition zone.[116]over 1,200[117]
RetariaReticulopodia-bearing organisms[107]Feeding by reticulopodia (or axopodia) typically projected through various types of skeleton, closed mitosis.[118]10,000 extant
50,000 fossil
Sulcozoa
(paraphyletic)		Groove-bearing animals[108]Aerobic flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.[108]40+
TelonemiaTelonema-like organisms[119]Telonemids[120]Phagotrophic pyriform biflagellates with a unique complex cytoskeleton, tubular cristae, tripartite mastigonemes, cortical alveoli.[119][120]7
Total: 26, but see below.

The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,[99] but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[121] In addition, less popular classification schemes unite Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi under one phylum, Gyrista, and all alveolates except ciliates in one phylum Myzozoa, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum Miozoa.[100] Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) within Ochrophyta. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a cladistic approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.[101]

Bacteria#edit

Currently there are 41 bacterial phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[122]

  1. Abditibacteriota
  2. Acidobacteriota, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
  3. Actinomycetota, High-G+C Gram positive species
  4. Aquificota, deep-branching
  5. Armatimonadota
  6. Atribacterota
  7. Bacillota, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
  8. Bacteroidota
  9. Balneolota
  10. Bdellovibrionota
  11. Caldisericota, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
  12. Calditrichota
  13. Campylobacterota
  14. Chlamydiota
  15. Chlorobiota, green sulphur bacteria
  16. Chloroflexota, green non-sulphur bacteria
  17. Chrysiogenota, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
  18. Coprothermobacterota
  19. Deferribacterota
  20. Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
  21. Dictyoglomota
  22. Elusimicrobiota, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
  23. Fibrobacterota
  24. Fusobacteriota
  25. Gemmatimonadota
  26. Ignavibacteriota
  27. Kiritimatiellota
  28. Lentisphaerota, formerly clade VadinBE97
  29. Mycoplasmatota, notable genus: Mycoplasma
  30. Myxococcota
  31. Nitrospinota
  32. Nitrospirota
  33. Planctomycetota
  34. Pseudomonadota, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  35. Rhodothermota
  36. Spirochaetota, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
  37. Synergistota
  38. Thermodesulfobacteriota
  39. Thermomicrobiota
  40. Thermotogota, deep-branching
  41. Verrucomicrobiota

Archaea#edit

Currently there are 5 phyla that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[122]. There were many changes to the phyla and the names used for them in 2023.[123]

  1. Methanobacteriota, a phylum including a range of archaeans, including methanogens and halophilic archaea (halobacteria), according to LPSN. Previously called Euryarchaeota [123]
  2. Microcaldota (previously known as Ca. Micrarchaeota)[124]
  3. Nanodellota (previously Nanoarchaeota [123]
  4. Promethearchaeota (phylum within the kingdom Promethearchaeati, which was previously known as Asgard Archaea), thought to include the ancestor of Eukaryotes.[125]
  5. Thermoproteota, second most common archaeal phylum (previously known as Crenarchaeota)[126]

[127]

Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:

  1. "Euryarchaeota", most common archaeal phylum
  2. "Korarchaeota"
  3. "Nanoarchaeota", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species

See also#edit

Notes#edit

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