Brahmic scripts

From Quire, the open reference·Family of abugida writing systems·5 min read

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East, Central and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Turkic, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.^[1]

History#edit

Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.^[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.^[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.^[3]

Evolution of the Brahmi script^[4]^[5]
	k-	kh-	g-	gh-	ṅ-	c-	ch-	j-	jh-	ñ-	ṭ-	ṭh-	ḍ-	ḍh-	ṇ-	t-	th-	d-	dh-	n-	p-	ph-	b-	bh-	m-	y-	r-	l-	v-	ś-	ṣ-	s-	h-
Ashoka^[6]	𑀓	𑀔	𑀕	𑀖	𑀗	𑀘	𑀙	𑀚	𑀛	𑀜	𑀝	𑀞	𑀟	𑀠	𑀡	𑀢	𑀣	𑀤	𑀥	𑀦	𑀧	𑀨	𑀩	𑀪	𑀫	𑀬	𑀭	𑀮	𑀯	𑀰	𑀱	𑀲	𑀳
Girnar^[7]																														𑀰	𑀱
Kushana^[8]
Gujarat
Gupta^[9]
Pallava

Characteristics#edit

Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short ‘ə’ (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.

Comparison#edit

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

Consonants#edit

This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds.

ISO	ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na	ṉa	pa	pha/fa	ba	bha	ma	ya	ẏa	ra	ṟa	la	ḷa	ḻa	va	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	kṣa	ṯa
Ashoka Brahmi	𑀓	𑀔	𑀕	𑀖	𑀗	𑀘	𑀙	𑀚	𑀛	𑀜	𑀝	𑀞	𑀟	𑀠	𑀡	𑀢	𑀣	𑀤	𑀥	𑀦		𑀧	𑀨	𑀩	𑀪	𑀫	𑀬		𑀭		𑀮	𑀴		𑀯	𑀰	𑀱	𑀲	𑀳
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न	ऩ	प	फ	ब	भ	म	य	य़	र	ऱ	ल	ळ	ऴ	व	श	ष	स	ह	क्ष
Bengali–Assamese^[10]	ক	খ	গ	ঘ	ঙ	চ	ছ	জ	ঝ	ঞ	ট	ঠ	ড	ঢ	ণ	ত	থ	দ	ধ	ন		প	ফ	ব	ভ	ম	য	য়	র,ৰ		ল			ৱ	শ	ষ	স	হ	ক্ষ
Sharada	𑆑	𑆒	𑆓	𑆔	𑆕	𑆖	𑆗	𑆘	𑆙	𑆚	𑆛	𑆜	𑆝	𑆞	𑆟	𑆠	𑆡	𑆢	𑆣	𑆤	𑆤𑇊	𑆥	𑆦	𑆧	𑆨	𑆩	𑆪	𑆪𑇊	𑆫	𑆫𑇊	𑆬	𑆭	𑆭𑇊	𑆮	𑆯	𑆰	𑆱	𑆲	𑆑𑇀𑆰
Gurmukhi	ਕ	ਖ	ਗ	ਘ	ਙ	ਚ	ਛ	ਜ	ਝ	ਞ	ਟ	ਠ	ਡ	ਢ	ਣ	ਤ	ਥ	ਦ	ਧ	ਨ		ਪ	ਫ	ਬ	ਭ	ਮ	ਯ		ਰ		ਲ	ਲ਼		ਵ	ਸ਼		ਸ	ਹ
Gujarati	ક	ખ	ગ	ઘ	ઙ	ચ	છ	જ	ઝ	ઞ	ટ	ઠ	ડ	ઢ	ણ	ત	થ	દ	ધ	ન		પ	ફ	બ	ભ	મ	ય		ર		લ	ળ		વ	શ	ષ	સ	હ	ક્ષ
Odia	କ	ଖ	ଗ	ଘ	ଙ	ଚ	ଛ	ଜ	ଝ	ଞ	ଟ	ଠ	ଡ	ଢ	ଣ	ତ	ଥ	ଦ	ଧ	ନ		ପ	ଫ	ବ	ଭ	ମ	ଯ	ୟ	ର		ଲ	ଳ		ୱ	ଶ	ଷ	ସ	ହ	କ୍ଷ
Grantha	𑌕	𑌖	𑌗	𑌘	𑌙	𑌚	𑌛	𑌜	𑌝	𑌞	𑌟	𑌠	𑌡	𑌢	𑌣	𑌤	𑌥	𑌦	𑌧	𑌨		𑌪	𑌫	𑌬	𑌭	𑌮	𑌯		𑌰		𑌲	𑌳		𑌵	𑌶	𑌷	𑌸	𑌹	𑌕𑍍𑌷
Tamil	க				ங	ச		ஜ		ஞ	ட				ண	த				ந	ன	ப				ம	ய		ர	ற	ல	ள	ழ	வ	ஶ	ஷ	ஸ	ஹ	க்ஷ
Telugu	క	ఖ	గ	ఘ	ఙ	చ	ఛ	జ	ఝ	ఞ	ట	ఠ	డ	ఢ	ణ	త	థ	ద	ధ	న	న఼	ప	ఫ	బ	భ	మ	య	య఼	ర	ఱ	ల	ళ	ఴ	వ	శ	ష	స	హ	క్ష
Kannada	ಕ	ಖ	ಗ	ಘ	ಙ	ಚ	ಛ	ಜ	ಝ	ಞ	ಟ	ಠ	ಡ	ಢ	ಣ	ತ	ಥ	ದ	ಧ	ನ	ನ಼	ಪ	ಫ	ಬ	ಭ	ಮ	ಯ	ಯ಼	ರ	ಱ	ಲ	ಳ	ೞ	ವ	ಶ	ಷ	ಸ	ಹ	ಕ್ಷ
Malayalam	ക	ഖ	ഗ	ഘ	ങ	ച	ഛ	ജ	ഝ	ഞ	ട	ഠ	ഡ	ഢ	ണ	ത	ഥ	ദ	ധ	ന	ഩ	പ	ഫ	ബ	ഭ	മ	യ		ര	റ	ല	ള	ഴ	വ	ശ	ഷ	സ	ഹ	ക്ഷ	ഺ
Tigalari	𑎒	𑎓	𑎔	𑎕	𑎖	𑎗	𑎘	𑎙	𑎚	𑎛	𑎜	𑎝	𑎞	𑎟	𑎠	𑎡	𑎢	𑎣	𑎤	𑎥		𑎦	𑎧	𑎨	𑎩	𑎪	𑎫		𑎬	𑎴	𑎭	𑎳	𑎵	𑎮	𑎯	𑎰	𑎱	𑎲	𑎒𑏊𑎰
Sinhala	ක	ඛ	ග	ඝ	ඞ	ච	ඡ	ජ	ඣ	ඤ	ට	ඨ	ඩ	ඪ	ණ	ත	ථ	ද	ධ	න		ප	ඵ	බ	භ	ම	ය		ර		ල	ළ		ව	ශ	ෂ	ස	හ	ක්‍ෂ
Tibetan	ཀ	ཁ	ག	གྷ	ང	ཅ	ཆ	ཇ	ཛྷ	ཉ	ཊ	ཋ	ཌ	ཌྷ	ཎ	ཏ	ཐ	ད	དྷ	ན		པ	ཕ	བ	བྷ	མ	ཡ		ར	ཬ^[11]	ལ			ཝ	ཤ	ཥ	ས	ཧ	ཀྵ
ʼPhags-pa	ꡀ	ꡁ	ꡂ	ꡂꡜ	ꡃ	ꡄ	ꡅ	ꡆ	ꡆꡜ	ꡇ	ꡩ	ꡪ	ꡫ	ꡫꡜ	ꡬ	ꡈ	ꡉ	ꡊ	ꡊꡜ	ꡋ		ꡌ	ꡍ	ꡎ	ꡎꡜ	ꡏ	ꡗ		ꡘ		ꡙ			ꡓ	ꡚ		ꡛ	ꡜ
Meitei Mayek^[12]	ꯀ	ꯈ	ꯒ	ꯘ	ꯉ	ꯆ	ꫢ	ꯖ	ꯓ	ꫣ	ꫤ	ꫥ	ꫦ	ꫧ	ꫨ	ꯇ	ꯊ	ꯗ	ꯙ	ꯅ		ꯄ	ꯐ	ꯕ	ꯚ	ꯃ	ꯌ		ꯔ		ꯂ			ꯋ	ꫩ	ꫪ	ꯁ	ꯍ
Lepcha	ᰀ	ᰂ	ᰃ		ᰅ	ᰆ	ᰇ	ᰈ		ᰉ	ᱍ	ᱎ	ᱏ			ᰊ	ᰋ	ᰌ		ᰍ		ᰎ	ᰐ	ᰓ		ᰕ	ᰚ		ᰛ		ᰜ			ᰟ	ᰡ	ᰡ᰷	ᰠ	ᰝ
Limbu	ᤁ	ᤂ	ᤃ	ᤄ	ᤅ	ᤆ	ᤇ	ᤈ	ᤉ	ᤊ						ᤋ	ᤌ	ᤍ	ᤎ	ᤏ		ᤐ	ᤑ	ᤒ	ᤓ	ᤔ	ᤕ		ᤖ		ᤗ			ᤘ	ᤙ	ᤚ	ᤛ	ᤜ
Tirhuta	𑒏	𑒐	𑒑	𑒒	𑒓	𑒔	𑒕	𑒖	𑒗	𑒘	𑒙	𑒚	𑒛	𑒜	𑒝	𑒞	𑒟	𑒠	𑒡	𑒢		𑒣	𑒤	𑒥	𑒦	𑒧	𑒨		𑒩		𑒪				𑒬	𑒭	𑒮	𑒯
Kaithi	𑂍	𑂎	𑂏	𑂐	𑂑	𑂒	𑂓	𑂔	𑂕	𑂖	𑂗	𑂘	𑂙	𑂛	𑂝	𑂞	𑂟	𑂠	𑂡	𑂢		𑂣	𑂤	𑂥	𑂦	𑂧	𑂨		𑂩		𑂪			𑂫	𑂬	𑂭	𑂮	𑂯
Newar	𑐎	𑐏	𑐐	𑐑	𑐒	𑐔	𑐕	𑐖	𑐗	𑐘	𑐚	𑐛	𑐜	𑐝	𑐞	𑐟	𑐠	𑐡	𑐢	𑐣	𑐣𑑆	𑐥	𑐦	𑐧	𑐨	𑐩	𑐫	𑐫𑑆	𑐬	𑐬𑑆	𑐮	𑐮𑑆	𑐲𑑆	𑐰	𑐱	𑐲	𑐳	𑐴	𑐎𑑂𑐲
Sylheti Nagari	ꠇ	ꠈ	ꠉ	ꠊ		ꠌ	ꠍ	ꠎ	ꠏ		ꠐ	ꠑ	ꠒ	ꠓ		ꠔ	ꠕ	ꠖ	ꠗ	ꠘ		ꠙ	ꠚ	ꠛ	ꠜ	ꠝ			ꠞ		ꠟ						ꠡ	ꠢ
Chakma^[13]	𑄇	𑄈	𑄉	𑄊	𑄋	𑄌	𑄍	𑄎	𑄏	𑄐	𑄑	𑄒	𑄓	𑄔	𑄕	𑄖	𑄗	𑄘	𑄙	𑄚		𑄛	𑄜	𑄝	𑄞	𑄟	𑄠	𑄡	𑄢		𑄣	𑅄		𑄤			𑄥	𑄦
Burmese	က	ခ	ဂ	ဃ	င	စ	ဆ	ဇ	ဈ	ဉ / ည	ဋ	ဌ	ဍ	ဎ	ဏ	တ	ထ	ဒ	ဓ	န		ပ	ဖ	ဗ	ဘ	မ	ယ		ရ		လ	ဠ		ဝ	ၐ	ၑ	သ	ဟ
Tai Tham	ᨠ	ᨡ,ᨢ^[14]	ᨣ,ᨤ^[14]	ᨥ	ᨦ	ᨧ	ᨨ	ᨩ,ᨪ^[14]	ᨫ	ᨬ	ᨭ	ᨮ	ᨯ	ᨰ	ᨱ	ᨲ	ᨳ	ᨴ	ᨵ	ᨶ		ᨷ,ᨸ^[14]	ᨹ,ᨺ^[14]	ᨻ,ᨼ^[14]	ᨽ	ᨾ	ᨿ,ᩀ^[14]		ᩁ		ᩃ	ᩊ		ᩅ	ᩆ	ᩇ	ᩈ	ᩉ,ᩌ^[14]
New Tai Lue	ᦂ	ᦃ	ᦅ,ᦆ^[14]		ᦇ	ᦈ		ᦋ,ᦌ^[14]					ᦡ,ᦤ^[14]			ᦎ	ᦏ	ᦑ	ᦒ	ᦓ		ᦢ,ᦥ^[14],ᦔ^[14]	ᦕ,ᦚ^[14]	ᦗ,ᦝ^[14]	ᦘ	ᦙ	ᦍ,ᦊ^[14]		ᦣ		ᦟ			ᦞ			ᦉ	ᦠ
Khmer	ក	ខ	គ	ឃ	ង	ច	ឆ	ជ	ឈ	ញ	ដ	ឋ	ឌ	ឍ	ណ	ត	ថ	ទ	ធ	ន		ប	ផ	ព	ភ	ម	យ		រ		ល	ឡ		វ	ឝ	ឞ	ស	ហ
Thai	ก	ข,(ฃ)^[15]	ค,(ฅ)^[15]	ฆ	ง	จ	ฉ	ช,(ซ)^[15]	ฌ	ญ	ฎ,^[15](ฏ)	ฐ	ฑ	ฒ	ณ	ด,^[15](ต)	ถ	ท	ธ	น		ป,^[15](บ)	ผ,(ฝ)^[15]	พ,(ฟ)^[15]	ภ	ม	ย		ร		ล	ฬ		ว	ศ	ษ	ส	ห,ฮ^[15]
Lao	ກ	ຂ	ຄ	ຆ^[16]	ງ	ຈ	ຉ^[16]	ຊ	ຌ^[16]	ຎ^[16]	ຏ^[16]	ຐ^[16]	ຑ^[16]	ຒ^[16]	ຓ^[16]	ດ,ຕ	ຖ	ທ	ຘ^[16]	ນ		ບ,ປ	ຜ,ຝ	ພ,ຟ	ຠ^[16]	ມ	ຍ		ຣ		ລ	ຬ^[16]		ວ	ຨ^[16]	ຩ^[16]	ສ	ຫ
Cham	ꨆ	ꨇ	ꨈ	ꨉ	ꨋ	ꨌ	ꨍ	ꨎ	ꨏ	ꨑ						ꨓ	ꨔ	ꨕ	ꨖ	ꨘ		ꨚ	ꨜ	ꨝ	ꨞ	ꨠ	ꨢ		ꨣ		ꨤ			ꨥ		ꨦ	ꨧ	ꨨ
Kawi	𑼒	𑼓	𑼔	𑼕	𑼖	𑼗	𑼘	𑼙	𑼚	𑼛	𑼜	𑼝	𑼞	𑼟	𑼠	𑼡	𑼢	𑼣	𑼤	𑼥	𑼳	𑼦	𑼧	𑼨	𑼩	𑼪	𑼫		𑼬		𑼭			𑼮	𑼯	𑼰	𑼱	𑼲
Balinese	ᬓ	ᬔ	ᬕ	ᬖ	ᬗ	ᬘ	ᬙ	ᬚ	ᬛ	ᬜ	ᬝ	ᬞ	ᬟ	ᬠ	ᬡ	ᬢ	ᬣ	ᬤ	ᬥ	ᬦ	ᭌ	ᬧ	ᬨ	ᬩ	ᬪ	ᬫ	ᬬ		ᬭ		ᬮ			ᬯ	ᬰ	ᬱ	ᬲ	ᬳ
Javanese^[17]	ꦏ	ꦑ^[17]	ꦒ	ꦓ^[17]	ꦔ	ꦕ	ꦖ^[17]	ꦗ	ꦙ^[17]	ꦚ	ꦛ	ꦜ^[17]	ꦝ	ꦞ^[17]	ꦟ^[17]	ꦠ	ꦡ^[17]	ꦢ	ꦣ^[17]	ꦤ	ꦘ	ꦥ	ꦦ^[17]	ꦧ	ꦨ^[17]	ꦩ	ꦪ		ꦫ		ꦭ			ꦮ	ꦯ^[17]	ꦰ^[17]	ꦱ	ꦲ
Sundanese	ᮊ	ᮮ^[18]	ᮌ		ᮍ	ᮎ		ᮏ		ᮑ						ᮒ		ᮓ		ᮔ		ᮕ		ᮘ		ᮙ	ᮚ		ᮛ		ᮜ			ᮝ	ᮯ^[19]		ᮞ	ᮠ
Lontara	ᨀ		ᨁ		ᨂ	ᨌ		ᨍ		ᨎ						ᨈ		ᨉ		ᨊ		ᨄ		ᨅ		ᨆ	ᨐ		ᨑ		ᨒ			ᨓ			ᨔ	ᨕ
Makasar	𑻠		𑻡		𑻢	𑻩		𑻪		𑻫						𑻦		𑻧		𑻨		𑻣		𑻤		𑻥	𑻬		𑻭		𑻮			𑻯			𑻰	𑻱
Rejang	ꤰ		ꤱ		ꤲ	ꤹ		ꤺ		ꤻ						ꤳ		ꤴ		ꤵ		ꤶ		ꤷ		ꤸ	ꤿ		ꤽ		ꤾ			ꥀ			ꤼ	ꥁ
Batak (Toba)	ᯂ		ᯎ		ᯝ			ᯐ		ᯠ/ᯛ						ᯖ		ᯑ		ᯉ		ᯇ		ᯅ		ᯔ			ᯒ		ᯞ			ᯞ			ᯘ	ᯂ
Baybayin	ᜃ		ᜄ		ᜅ											ᜆ		ᜇ		ᜈ		ᜉ		ᜊ		ᜋ	ᜌ		ᜇ / ᜍ		ᜎ			ᜏ			ᜐ	ᜑ
Buhid	ᝃ		ᝄ		ᝅ											ᝆ		ᝇ		ᝈ		ᝉ		ᝊ		ᝋ	ᝌ		ᝍ		ᝎ			ᝏ			ᝐ	ᝑ
Hanunuo	ᜣ		ᜤ		ᜥ											ᜦ		ᜧ		ᜨ		ᜩ		ᜪ		ᜫ	ᜬ		ᜭ		ᜮ			ᜯ			ᜰ	ᜱ
Tagbanwa	ᝣ		ᝤ		ᝥ											ᝦ		ᝧ		ᝨ		ᝩ		ᝪ		ᝫ	ᝬ				ᝮ			ᝯ			ᝰ
ISO	ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na	ṉa	pa	pha	ba	bha	ma	ya	ẏa	ra	ṟa	la	ḷa	ḻa	va	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	kṣa	ṯa

Notes

^ a b Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.
^ Court, C. (1996). "Introduction". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 443.
^ Court, C. (1996). "The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–449.
^ Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep. March 1838, adapted from "Modifications of the Sanskrit Alphabet". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 7. 1838.
^ "Modifications of the Sanskrit Alphabet". Essays on Indian Antiquities. 2: 40–42. 1858.
^ Inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka.
^ Inscriptions of Western Satrap Rudradaman I on the rock at Girnar circa 150 CE.
^ Kushan Empire inscriptions circa 150-250 CE.
^ Gupta Empire inscription of the Allahabad Pillar by Samudragupta circa 350 CE.
^ In Bengali, র is pronounced as rô, but it was originally va, which is still used for the wa sound in Mithilakshar, and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and e̯ô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese, respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya), and it is still pronounced ya in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
^ Letter used in Balti.
^ includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
^ inherent vowel is ā
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in local language; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali.
^ a b c d e f g h i Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n These letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
^ Invented new character to represent the Arabic letter خ.
^ Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letter ش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.
^ Only used by Sanskrit grammarians, and does not actually occur outside of a small handful of self-referential terms (e.g. its Sanskrit name, ॡकार l̥̄kāra).
^ includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
^ a b c d e f Tibetan, Lepcha, Limbu, New Tai Lue, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant is used.
^ When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
^ a b c d Letters used in Old Sundanese.
^ Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script
^ for everyday use
^ for liturgical use
^ Bora, Mahendra (1981). The Evolution of Assamese Script. Bagmibar Nilmoni Phukan Lectures. Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha. p. 13.
^ a b Sproat, Richard (20 July 2006). "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness". Written Language and Literacy. 9 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr. ISSN 1387-6732.
^ Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003). Shan Manuscripts, Part 1. p. 13.
^ a b "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
^ Pandey, Anshuman (23 January 2018). "L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode" (PDF).
^ Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF).
^ "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
^ Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
^ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
^ Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).
^ Chelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (1997). A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355. ISBN 3-11-014321-6. In the classification of scripts provided by K. S. Singh and Manoharan ..., Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script
^ Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet.
^ Salomon, Richard G. (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
^ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.
^ "L2/22-289R: Final Proposal to encode the Tai Yo Script" (PDF). 16 December 2022.

Vowels#edit

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

ISO	a		ā		ê		ô		i		ī		u		ū		e		ē		ai		o		ō		au		ə		r̥		r̥̄		l̥		l̥̄^[20]		ṁ		ḥ		k	kŭ
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	aṁ	kaṁ	aḥ	kaḥ	k	kŭ
Ashoka Brahmi	𑀅	𑀓	𑀆	𑀓𑀸					𑀇	𑀓𑀺	𑀈	𑀓𑀻	𑀉	𑀓𑀼	𑀊	𑀓𑀽	𑁱	𑀓𑁳	𑀏	𑀓𑁂	𑀐	𑀓𑁃	𑁲	𑀓𑁴	𑀑	𑀓𑁄	𑀒	𑀓𑁅			𑀋	𑀓𑀾	𑀌	𑀓𑀿	𑀍	𑀓𑁀	𑀎	𑀓𑁁	𑀅𑀁	𑀓𑀁	𑀅𑀂	𑀓𑀂	𑀓𑁆
Devanagari	अ	क	आ	का	ऍ	कॅ	ऑ	कॉ	इ	कि	ई	की	उ	कु	ऊ	कू	ऎ	कॆ	ए	के	ऐ	कै	ऒ	कॊ	ओ	को	औ	कौ			ऋ	कृ	ॠ	कॄ	ऌ	कॢ	ॡ	कॣ	अं	कं	अः	कः	क्
Bengali–Assamese	অ	ক	আ	কা	অ্যা	ক্যা			ই	কি	ঈ	কী	উ	কু	ঊ	কূ			এ	কে	ঐ	কৈ			ও	কো	ঔ	কৌ			ঋ	কৃ	ৠ	কৄ	ঌ	কৢ	ৡ	কৣ	অং	কং	অঃ	কঃ	ক্
Gujarati	અ	ક	આ	કા	ઍ	કૅ	ઑ	કૉ	ઇ	કિ	ઈ	કી	ઉ	કુ	ઊ	કૂ			એ	કે	ઐ	કૈ			ઓ	કો	ઔ	કૌ			ઋ	કૃ	ૠ	કૄ	ઌ	કૢ	ૡ	કૣ	અં	કં	અઃ	કઃ	ક્ ક્‍
Odia	ଅ	କ	ଆ	କା					ଇ	କି	ଈ	କୀ	ଉ	କୁ	ଊ	କୂ			ଏ	କେ	ଐ	କୈ			ଓ	କୋ	ଔ	କୌ			ଋ	କୃ	ୠ	କୄ	ଌ	କୢ	ୡ	କୣ	ଅଂ	କଂ	ଅଃ	କଃ	କ୍
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਕ	ਆ	ਕਾ					ਇ	ਕਿ	ਈ	ਕੀ	ਉ	ਕੁ	ਊ	ਕੂ			ਏ	ਕੇ	ਐ	ਕੈ			ਓ	ਕੋ	ਔ	ਕੌ											ਅਂ	ਕਂ	ਅਃ	ਕਃ	ਕ੍
Meitei Mayek^[21]	ꯑ	ꯀ	ꯑꯥ	ꯀꯥ					ꯏ	ꯀꯤ	ꯑꫫ	ꯀꫫ	ꯎ	ꯀꯨ	ꯑꫬ	ꯀꫬ			ꯑꯦ	ꯀꯦ	ꯑꯩ	ꯀꯩ			ꯑꯣ	ꯀꯣ	ꯑꯧ	ꯀꯧ											ꯑꯪ	ꯀꯪ	ꯑꫵ	ꯀꫵ	ꯛ
Tibetan^[22]	ཨ	ཀ	ཨཱ	ཀཱ					ཨི	ཀི	ཨཱི	ཀཱི	ཨུ	ཀུ	ཨཱུ	ཀཱུ			ཨེ	ཀེ	ཨཻ	ཀཻ			ཨོ	ཀོ	ཨཽ	ཀཽ			རྀ	ཀྲྀ	རཱྀ	ཀྲཱྀ	ལྀ	ཀླྀ	ལཱྀ	ཀླཱྀ	ཨཾ	ཀཾ	ཨཿ	ཀཿ	ཀ྄
Lepcha^[22]	ᰣ	ᰀ	ᰣᰦ	ᰀᰦ					ᰣᰧ	ᰀᰧ	ᰣᰧᰶ	ᰀᰧᰶ	ᰣᰪ	ᰀᰪ	ᰣᰫ	ᰀᰫ			ᰣᰬ	ᰀᰬ					ᰣᰨ	ᰀᰨ	ᰣᰩ	ᰀᰩ											ᰣᰴ	ᰀᰴ
Limbu^[22]	ᤀ	ᤁ	ᤀᤠ	ᤁᤠ					ᤀᤡ	ᤁᤡ	ᤀᤡ᤺	ᤁᤡ᤺	ᤀᤢ	ᤁᤢ	ᤀᤢ᤺	ᤁᤢ᤺	ᤀᤧ	ᤁᤧ	ᤀᤣ	ᤁᤣ	ᤀᤤ	ᤁᤤ	ᤀᤨ	ᤁᤨ	ᤀᤥ	ᤁᤥ	ᤀᤦ	ᤁᤦ											ᤀᤲ	ᤁᤲ			ᤁ᤻
Tirhuta	𑒁	𑒏	𑒂	𑒏𑒰					𑒃	𑒏𑒱	𑒄	𑒏𑒲	𑒅	𑒏𑒳	𑒆	𑒏𑒴		𑒏𑒺	𑒋	𑒏𑒹	𑒌	𑒏𑒻		𑒏𑒽	𑒍	𑒏𑒼	𑒎	𑒏𑒾			𑒇	𑒏𑒵	𑒈	𑒏𑒶	𑒉	𑒏𑒷	𑒊	𑒏𑒸	𑒁𑓀	𑒏𑓀	𑒁𑓁	𑒏𑓁	𑒏𑓂
Kaithi	𑂃	𑂍	𑂄	𑂍𑂰					𑂅	𑂍𑂱	𑂆	𑂍𑂲	𑂇	𑂍𑂳	𑂈	𑂍𑂴			𑂉	𑂍𑂵	𑂊	𑂍𑂶			𑂋	𑂍𑂷	𑂌	𑂍𑂸											𑂃𑂁	𑂍𑂁	𑂃𑂂	𑂍𑂂	𑂍𑂹
Newar	𑐀	𑐎	𑐁	𑐎𑐵					𑐂	𑐎𑐶	𑐃	𑐎𑐷	𑐄	𑐎𑐸	𑐅	𑐎𑐹			𑐊	𑐎𑐾	𑐋	𑐎𑐿			𑐌	𑐎𑑀	𑐍	𑐎𑑁			𑐆	𑐎𑐺	𑐇	𑐎𑐻	𑐈	𑐎𑐼	𑐉	𑐎𑐽	𑐀𑑄	𑐎𑑄	𑐀𑑅	𑐎𑑅	𑐎𑑂
Sylheti Nagari		ꠇ	ꠀ	ꠇꠣ					ꠁ	ꠇꠤ			ꠃ	ꠇꠥ					ꠄ	ꠇꠦ	ꠅꠂ	ꠇꠂ			ꠅ	ꠇꠧ													ꠀꠋ	ꠇꠋ			ꠇ꠆
Tamil	அ	க	ஆ	கா					இ	கி	ஈ	கீ	உ	கு	ஊ	கூ	எ	கெ	ஏ	கே	ஐ	கை	ஒ	கொ	ஓ	கோ	ஔ	கௌ											அஂ	கஂ	அஃ	கஃ	க்
Kannada	ಅ	ಕ	ಆ	ಕಾ					ಇ	ಕಿ	ಈ	ಕೀ	ಉ	ಕು	ಊ	ಕೂ	ಎ	ಕೆ	ಏ	ಕೇ	ಐ	ಕೈ	ಒ	ಕೊ	ಓ	ಕೋ	ಔ	ಕೌ			ಋ	ಕೃ	ೠ	ಕೄ	ಌ	ಕೢ	ೡ	ಕೣ	అం	ಕಂ	అః	ಕಃ	ಕ್
Telugu	అ	క	ఆ	కా					ఇ	కి	ఈ	కీ	ఉ	కు	ఊ	కూ	ఎ	కె	ఏ	కే	ఐ	కై	ఒ	కొ	ఓ	కో	ఔ	కౌ			ఋ	కృ	ౠ	కౄ	ఌ	కౢ	ౡ	కౣ	అం	కం	అః	కః	క్
Sinhala	අ	ක	ආ	කා	ඇ	කැ	ඈ	කෑ	ඉ	කි	ඊ	කී	උ	කු	ඌ	කූ	එ	කෙ	ඒ	කේ	ඓ	කෛ	ඔ	කො	ඕ	කෝ	ඖ	කෞ			ඍ	කෘ	ඎ	කෲ	ඏ	කෟ	ඐ	කෳ	අං	කං	අඃ	කඃ	ක්
Malayalam	അ	ക	ആ	കാ					ഇ	കി	ഈ	കീ	ഉ	കു	ഊ	കൂ	എ	കെ	ഏ	കേ	ഐ	കൈ	ഒ	കൊ	ഓ	കോ	ഔ	കൗ			ഋ	കൃ	ൠ	കൄ	ഌ	കൢ	ൡ	കൣ	അം	കം	അഃ	കഃ	ക് ക്‍	കു് ക്
Chakma	𑄃𑄧	𑄇𑄧	𑄃	𑄇	𑄃𑄬𑄬	𑄇𑄬𑄬	𑄃𑅅	𑄇𑅅	𑄄 𑄃𑄨	𑄇𑄨	𑄃𑄩	𑄇𑄩	𑄅 𑄃𑄪	𑄇𑄪	𑄃𑄫	𑄇𑄫			𑄆 𑄃𑄬	𑄇𑄬	𑄃𑄰	𑄇𑄰			𑄃𑄮	𑄇𑄮	𑄃𑄯	𑄇𑄯											𑄃𑄧𑄁	𑄇𑄧𑄁	𑄃𑄧𑄂	𑄇𑄧𑄂	𑄇𑄴
Burmese	အ	က	အာ	ကာ					ဣ	ကိ	ဤ	ကီ	ဥ	ကု	ဦ	ကူ			ဧ	ကေ	အဲ	ကဲ	ဩ	ကော			အောင်	ကောင်			ၒ	ကၖ	ၓ	ကၗ	ၔ	ကၘ	ၕ	ကၙ	အံ	ကံ	အး	ကး	က်
Tai Tham	ᩋ	ᨠ	ᩋᩣ	ᨠᩣ ᨠᩤ	ᩋᩯ	ᨠᩯ	(ᩋᩬᩴ) (ᩋᩳ)	(ᨠᩬᩴ) (ᨠᩳ)	ᩍ	ᨠᩥ	ᩎ	ᨠᩦ	ᩏ	ᨠᩩ	ᩐ	ᨠᩪ	(ᩋᩮᩡ)	(ᨠᩮᩡ)	ᩑ	ᨠᩮ	ᩋᩱ	ᨠᩱ	(ᩋᩰᩡ)	(ᨠᩰᩡ)	ᩒ ᩋᩰ	ᨠᩰ ᨠᩮᩣ	ᩋᩮᩢᩣ ᩋᩯᩣ ᩐᩣ	ᨠᩮᩢᩣ ᨠᩮᩫᩣ ᨠᩯᩣ			ᩁᩂ	ᨠᩂ							ᩋᩴ	ᨠᩴ	ᩋᩡ	ᨠᩡ	ᨠ᩺ ᨠ᩼
New Tai Lue^[22]	ᦀ	ᦂ	ᦀᦱ	ᦂᦱ	ᦶᦀ	ᦶᦂ	(ᦀᦸ)	(ᦂᦸ)	ᦀᦲᦰ	ᦂᦲᦰ	ᦀᦲ	ᦂᦲ	ᦀᦳ	ᦂᦳ	ᦀᦴ	ᦂᦴ	(ᦵᦀᦰ)	(ᦵᦂᦰ)	ᦵᦀ	ᦵᦂ	ᦺᦀ	ᦺᦂ	(ᦷᦀᦰ)	(ᦷᦂᦰ)	ᦷᦀ	ᦷᦂ	ᦀᧁ	ᦂᧁ													ᦀᦰ	ᦂᦰ	ᧅ
Khmer^[23]	អ	ក	អា	កា					ឥ	កិ	ឦ	កី	ឧ	កុ	ឩ	កូ			ឯ	កេ	ឰ	កៃ			ឱ	កោ	ឳ	កៅ			ឫ	ក្ឫ	ឬ	ក្ឬ	ឭ	ក្ឭ	ឮ	ក្ឮ	អំ	កំ	អះ	កះ	ក៑
Thai^[22]	อ (อะ)	ก (กะ)	อา	กา	แอ	แก	ออ	กอ	อิ	กิ	อี	กี	อุ	กุ	อู	กู	เอะ	เกะ	เอ	เก	ไอ	ไก	โอะ	โกะ	โอ	โก	เอา	เกา	เออ	เกอ	ฤ	กฺฤ	ฤๅ	กฺฤๅ	ฦ	กฺฦ	ฦๅ	กฺฦๅ	อํ	กํ	อะ (อะฮฺ)	กะ (กะฮฺ)	กฺ (ก์)	กึ
Lao^[22]	ອະ	ກະ	ອາ	ກາ	ແອ	ແກ	(ອອ)	(ກອ)	ອິ	ກິ	ອີ	ກີ	ອຸ	ກຸ	ອູ	ກູ	(ແອະ)	(ແກະ)	ເອ	ເກ	ໄອ ໃອ	ໄກ ໃກ	(ໂອະ)	(ໂກະ)	ໂອ	ໂກ	ເອົາ ອາວ	ເກົາ ກາວ											ອํ	ກํ	ອະ	ກະ	ກ
Cham	ꨀ	ꨆ	ꨀꨩ	ꨆꨩ					ꨁ	ꨆꨪ	ꨁꨩ	ꨆꨫ	ꨂ	ꨆꨭ	ꨂꨩ	ꨆꨭꨩ			ꨃ	ꨆꨯꨮ	ꨄ	ꨆꨰ			ꨅ	ꨆꨯ	ꨀꨯꨱ	ꨆꨯꨱ			ꨣꨮ	ꨆꨴꨮ	ꨣꨮꨩ	ꨆꨴꨮꨩ	ꨤꨮ	ꨆꨵꨮ	ꨤꨮꨩ	ꨆꨵꨮꨩ	ꨀꩌ	ꨆꩌ	ꨀꩍ	ꨆꩍ	ꩀ
Kawi	𑼄	𑼒	𑼅	𑼒𑼴					𑼆	𑼒𑼶	𑼇	𑼒𑼷	𑼈	𑼒𑼸	𑼉	𑼒𑼹	𑼎	𑼒𑼾			𑼏	𑼒𑼿	𑼐	𑼒𑼾𑼴			𑼐𑼴	𑼒𑼿𑼴	𑼄𑽀	𑼒𑽀	𑼊	𑼒𑼺	𑼊𑼴	𑼒𑼺𑼴	𑼌	𑼒𑽂𑼌	𑼍	𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴	𑼄𑼁	𑼒𑼁	𑼄𑼃	𑼒𑼃	𑼒𑽁
Balinese	ᬅ	ᬓ	ᬆ	ᬓᬵ					ᬇ	ᬓᬶ	ᬈ	ᬓᬷ	ᬉ	ᬓᬸ	ᬊ	ᬓᬹ	ᬏ	ᬓᬾ			ᬐ	ᬓᬿ	ᬑ	ᬓᭀ			ᬒ	ᬓᭁ	ᬅᭂ	ᬓᭂ	ᬋ	ᬓᬺ	ᬌ	ᬓᬻ	ᬍ	ᬓᬼ	ᬎ	ᬓᬽ	ᬅᬂ	ᬓᬂ	ᬅᬄ	ᬓᬄ	ᬓ᭄
Javanese	ꦄ	ꦏ	ꦄꦴ	ꦏꦴ					ꦆ	ꦏꦶ	ꦇ	ꦏꦷ	ꦈ	ꦏꦸ	ꦈꦴ	ꦏꦹ	ꦌ	ꦏꦺ			ꦍ	ꦏꦻ	ꦎ	ꦏꦺꦴ			ꦎꦴ	ꦏꦻꦴ	ꦄꦼ	ꦏꦼ	ꦉ	ꦏꦽ	ꦉꦴ	ꦏꦽꦴ	ꦊ	ꦏ꧀ꦊ	ꦋ	ꦏ꧀ꦋ	ꦄꦁ	ꦏꦁ	ꦄꦃ	ꦏꦃ	ꦏ꧀
Sundanese	ᮃ	ᮊ							ᮄ	ᮊᮤ			ᮅ	ᮊᮥ			ᮆ	ᮊᮦ					ᮇ	ᮊᮧ					ᮈ	ᮊᮨ	ᮻ^[24]	ᮊ᮪ᮻ^[24]			ᮼ^[24]	ᮊ᮪ᮼ^[24]			ᮃᮀ	ᮊᮀ	ᮃᮂ	ᮊᮂ	ᮊ᮪
Lontara	ᨕ	ᨀ							ᨕᨗ	ᨀᨗ			ᨕᨘ	ᨀᨘ			ᨕᨙ	ᨀᨙ					ᨕᨚ	ᨀᨚ					ᨕᨛ	ᨀᨛ
Makasar	𑻱	𑻠							𑻱𑻳	𑻠𑻳			𑻱𑻴	𑻠𑻴			𑻱𑻵	𑻠𑻵					𑻱𑻶	𑻠𑻶
Rejang	ꥆ	ꤰ			ꥆꥎ	ꤰꥎ	ꥆꥍ	ꤰꥍ	ꥆꥇ	ꤰꥇ			ꥆꥈ	ꤰꥈ			ꥆꥉ	ꤰꥉ			ꥆꥊ	ꤰꥊ	ꥆꥋ	ꤰꥋ			ꥆꥌ	ꤰꥌ											ꥆꥏ	ꤰꥏ	ꥆꥒ	ꤰꥒ	ꤰ꥓
Batak (Toba)	ᯀ	ᯂ							ᯤ	ᯂᯪ			ᯥ	ᯂᯮ				ᯂᯩ						ᯂᯬ															ᯀᯰ	ᯂᯰ	ᯀᯱ	ᯂᯱ	ᯂ᯲
Baybayin	ᜀ	ᜃ							ᜁ	ᜃᜒ			ᜂ	ᜃᜓ			ᜁ	ᜃᜒ					ᜂ	ᜃᜓ																			ᜃ᜔
Buhid	ᝀ	ᝃ							ᝁ	ᝃᝒ			ᝂ	ᝃᝓ
Hanunuo	ᜠ	ᜣ							ᜡ	ᜣᜲ			ᜢ	ᜣᜳ																													ᜣ᜴
Tagbanwa	ᝠ	ᝣ							ᝡ	ᝣᝲ			ᝢ	ᝣᝳ
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	aṁ	kaṁ	aḥ	kaḥ	k	kŭ
ISO	a		ā		ê		ô		i		ī		u		ū		e		ē		ai		o		ō		au		ə		r̥		r̥̄		l̥		l̥̄		ṁ		ḥ

Notes

Numerals#edit

Hindu-Arabic	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Brahmi numbers		𑁒	𑁓	𑁔	𑁕	𑁖	𑁗	𑁘	𑁙	𑁚
Brahmi digits	𑁦	𑁧	𑁨	𑁩	𑁪	𑁫	𑁬	𑁭	𑁮	𑁯
Bengali–Assamese	০	১	২	৩	৪	৫	৬	৭	৮	৯
Tirhuta	𑓐	𑓑	𑓒	𑓓	𑓔	𑓕	𑓖	𑓗	𑓘	𑓙
Odia	୦	୧	୨	୩	୪	୫	୬	୭	୮	୯
Devanagari	०	१	२	३	४	५	६	७	८	९
Gujarati	૦	૧	૨	૩	૪	૫	૬	૭	૮	૯
Modi	𑙐‎	𑙑‎	𑙒	𑙓‎	𑙔‎	𑙕	𑙖‎	𑙗	𑙘‎	𑙙
Sharada	𑇐	𑇑	𑇒	𑇓	𑇔	𑇕	𑇖	𑇗	𑇘	𑇙
Takri	𑛀	𑛁	𑛂	𑛃	𑛄	𑛅	𑛆	𑛇	𑛈	𑛉
Gurmukhi	੦	੧	੨	੩	੪	੫	੬	੭	੮	੯
Khudabadi	𑋰	𑋱	𑋲	𑋳	𑋴	𑋵	𑋶	𑋷	𑋸	𑋹
Meitei (Manipuri)	꯰	꯱	꯲	꯳	꯴	꯵	꯶	꯷	꯸	꯹
Newar	𑑐‎	𑑑‎	𑑒‎	𑑓‎	𑑔‎	𑑕‎	𑑖‎	𑑗‎	𑑘‎	𑑙
Tibetan	༠	༡	༢	༣	༤	༥	༦	༧	༨	༩
Mongolian^[25]	᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙
Lepcha	᱀	᱁	᱂	᱃	᱄	᱅	᱆	᱇	᱈	᱉
Limbu	᥆	᥇	᥈	᥉	᥊	᥋	᥌	᥍	᥎	᥏
Sinhala astrological numbers	෦	෧	෨	෩	෪	෫	෬	෭	෮	෯
Sinhala archaic numbers		𑇡	𑇢	𑇣	𑇤	𑇥	𑇦	𑇧	𑇨	𑇩
Tamil	೦	௧	௨	௩	௪	௫	௬	௭	௮	௯
Telugu	౦	౧	౨	౩	౪	౫	౬	౭	౮	౯
Kannada	೦	೧	೨	೩	೪	೫	೬	೭	೮	೯
Malayalam	൦	൧	൨	൩	൪	൫	൬	൭	൮	൯
Saurashtra	꣐	꣑	꣒	꣓	꣔	꣕	꣖	꣗	꣘	꣙
Ahom	𑜰	𑜱	𑜲	𑜳	𑜴	𑜵	𑜶	𑜷	𑜸	𑜹
Chakma	𑄶	𑄷	𑄸	𑄹	𑄺	𑄻	𑄼	𑄽	𑄾	𑄿
Burmese	၀	၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈	၉
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers^[26]	᪀	᪁	᪂	᪃	᪄	᪅	᪆	᪇	᪈	᪉
New Tai Lue	᧐	᧑	᧒	᧓	᧔	᧕	᧖	᧗	᧘	᧙
Shan	႐	႑	႒	႓	႔	႕	႖	႗	႘	႙
Khmer	០	១	២	៣	៤	៥	៦	៧	៨	៩
Thai	๐	๑	๒	๓	๔	๕	๖	๗	๘	๙
Lao	໐	໑	໒	໓	໔	໕	໖	໗	໘	໙
Tai Tham^[27]	᪐	᪑	᪒	᪓	᪔	᪕	᪖	᪗	᪘	᪙
Cham	꩐	꩑	꩒	꩓	꩔	꩕	꩖	꩗	꩘	꩙
Balinese	᭐	᭑	᭒	᭓	᭔	᭕	᭖	᭗	᭘	᭙
Javanese	꧐	꧑	꧒	꧓	꧔	꧕	꧖	꧗	꧘	꧙
Sundanese	᮰	᮱	᮲	᮳	᮴	᮵	᮶	᮷	᮸	᮹
Hindu-Arabic	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Notes

List of Brahmic scripts#edit

Historical#edit

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.^{[citation needed]}

IAST	Ashoka	Girnar	Kushana	Gujarat	Gupta	Narbada	Kistna
Early Brahmic scripts
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
ṛ
e
ai
o
au
k
kh
g
gh
ṅ
c
ch
j
jh
ñ
ṭ
ṭh
ḍ
ḍh
ṇ
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
ś
ṣ
s
h

Northern Brahmic#edit

Gupta, 4th century
- Sharada
  - Landa
  - Takri
- Siddhaṃ
- Tibetan
  - Meitei Mayek
  - Lepcha
    - Limbu
  - Khema
  - ʼPhags-pa
    - Zanabazar square
  - Marchen
    - Marchung
    - Pungs-chen
    - Pungs-chung
    - Drusha
- Kalinga
- Bhaiksuki
Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)

Southern Brahmic#edit

Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
- Pallava
  - Tamil
  - Grantha
  - Khmer
    - Khom Thai
    - Proto-Tai script?
  - Cham
  - Kawi
  - Mon–Burmese
    - Modern Mon
    - Burmese
      - Chakma
      - S'gaw Karen
      - Shan
      - Tanchangya
      - Lik-Tai scripts
        Ahom
        Khamti
        Tai Le
    - Tai Tham
      - New Tai Lue
  - Pyu
- Vatteluttu
  - Kolezhuthu
  - Malayanma
- Sinhala
Bhattiprolu script
Kadamba
- Telugu-Kannada
  - Telugu
  - Kannada
    - Goykanadi

Unicode of Brahmic scripts#edit

As of Unicode version 18.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

script	derivation	Period of derivation	usage notes	ISO 15924	Unicode range(s)	sample
Ahom	Burmese^[30]	13th century	Extinct Ahom language	Ahom	U+11700–U+1174F	𑜒𑜠𑜑𑜨𑜉
Balinese	Kawi	11th century	Balinese language	Bali	U+1B00–U+1B7F	ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
Batak	Pallava	14th century	Batak languages	Batk	U+1BC0–U+1BFF	ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲
Baybayin	Kawi	14th century	Tagalog, other Philippine languages	Tglg	U+1700–U+171F	ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)	Siddhaṃ	11th century	Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")^[31]	Beng	U+0980–U+09FF, U+11DF0–U11DFF	অসমীয়া লিপি বাংলা লিপি
Bhaiksuki	Gupta	11th century	Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit	Bhks	U+11C00–U+11C6F	𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱
Buhid	Kawi	14th century	Buhid language	Buhd	U+1740–U+175F	ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ
Mon-Burmese	Pallava	11th century	Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan	Mymr	U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F, U+116D0–U116FF	မြန်မာအက္ခရာ
Chakma	Burmese	8th century	Chakma language	Cakm	U+11100–U+1114F	𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
Cham	Pallava	8th century	Cham language	Cham	U+AA00–U+AA5F	ꨌꩌ
Devanagari	Nagari	13th century	Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others.	Deva	U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F	देवनागरी
Dhives Akuru	Gupta	Before 6th-8th century	Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.^[32]	Diak	U+11900–U+1195F	𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂
Dogra	Takri		Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.^[33]	Dogr	U+11800–U+1184F	𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬
Grantha	Pallava	6th century	Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam.	Gran	U+11300–U+1137F	𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
Gujarati	Nagari	17th century	Gujarati language, Kutchi language	Gujr	U+0A80–U+0AFF	ગુજરાતી લિપિ
Gunjala Gondi	uncertain	16th century	Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.^[34]	Gong	U+11D60–U+11DAF	𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋
Gurmukhi	Sharada	16th century	Punjabi language	Guru	U+0A00–U+0A7F	ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Hanunó'o	Kawi	14th century	Hanuno'o language	Hano	U+1720–U+173F	ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ
Javanese	Kawi	16th century	Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language	Java	U+A980–U+A9DF	ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ
Kaithi	Nagari	16th century	Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records.	Kthi	U+11080–U+110CF	𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲
Kannada	Telugu-Kannada	Around 4th-6th century	Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others	Knda	U+0C80–U+0CFF	ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ
Kawi	Pallava	8th century	Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.^[35]	Kawi	U+11F00–U+11F5F	𑼒𑼮𑼶
Khmer	Pallava	11th century	Khmer language	Khmr	U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF	អក្សរខ្មែរ
Khojki	Landa	16th century	Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature.	Khoj	U+11200–U+1124F	𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮
Khudawadi	Landa	16th century	Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records.	Sind	U+112B0–U+112FF	𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢
Lao	Tai Noi	14th century	Lao language, others	Laoo	U+0E80–U+0EFF	ອັກສອນລາວ
Lepcha	Tibetan	18th century	Lepcha language	Lepc	U+1C00–U+1C4F	ᰛᰩᰴ
Limbu	Lepcha	18th century	Limbu language	Limb	U+1900–U+194F	ᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ
Lontara	Kawi	17th century	Buginese language, others	Bugi	U+1A00–U+1A1F	ᨒᨚᨈᨑ
Mahajani	Landa	16th century	Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records.	Mahj	U+11150–U+1117F	𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑‎
Makasar	Kawi	17th century	Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.^[36] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.^[37]	Maka	U+11EE0–U+11EFF	𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢
Malayalam	Grantha	12th century	Malayalam	Mlym	U+0D00–U+0D7F	മലയാളലിപി
Marchen	Tibetan	7th century	Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language	Marc	U+11C70–U+11CBF	𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱
Meetei Mayek	Tibetan^[38]	6th century^[39]	officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"^[31]	Mtei	U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF	ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
Modi	Nāgarī	17th century	Was used to write the Marathi language	Modi	U+11600–U+1165F	𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲
Multani	Landa		Was used to write the Multani language	Mult	U+11280–U+112AF	𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚‎
Nandinagari	Nāgarī	7th century	Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India	Nand	U+119A0–U+119FF	𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
Newar	Nepal	10th century	Newar, Sanskrit, Maithili	Newa	U+11400–U+1147F	𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐶‎
New Tai Lue	Tai Tham	1950s	Tai Lü language	Talu	U+1980–U+19DF	ᦟᦲᧅᦷᦎᦺᦑ
Odia	Siddhaṃ	13th century	Odia language	Orya	U+0B00–U+0B7F	ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
ʼPhags-pa	Tibetan	13th century	Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.	Phag	U+A840–U+A87F	ꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ
Rejang	Kawi	18th century	Rejang language, mostly obsolete	Rjng	U+A930–U+A95F	ꥆꤰ꥓ꤼꤽ ꤽꥍꤺꥏ
Saurashtra	Grantha	20th century	Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete	Saur	U+A880–U+A8DF	ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ
Sharada	Gupta	8th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri	Shrd	U+11180–U111DF, U+11B60–U11B7F	𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳
Siddham	Gupta	7th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit	Sidd	U+11580–U+115FF	𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Sinhala	Brahmi^[40]	4th century^[41]	Sinhala language	Sinh	U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF	ශුද්ධ සිංහල
Sundanese	Kawi	14th century	Sundanese language	Sund	U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF	ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ
Sylheti Nagari	Nagari	16th century	Historically used for writing the Sylheti language	Sylo	U+A800–U+A82F	ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ
Tagbanwa	Kawi	14th century	Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct	Tagb	U+1760–U+177F	ᝦᝪᝨᝯ
Tai Le	Mon	13th century	Tai Nüa language	Tale	U+1950–U+197F	ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tai Tham	Mon	13th century	Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language	Lana	U+1A20–U+1AAF	ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
Tai Viet	Thai	16th century	Tai Dam language	Tavt	U+AA80–U+AADF	ꪼꪕꪒꪾ
Tai Yo/Lai Tay	Khmer	16th century	Tai Yo language^[42]	Tayo	U+1E6C0–U1E6FF
Takri	Sharada	16th century	Was used for writing Chambeali and other languages	Takr	U+11680–U+116CF	𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯
Tamil	Pallava	2nd century	Tamil language	Taml	U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF	தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி
Telugu	Telugu-Kannada	5th century	Telugu language	Telu	U+0C00–U+0C7F	తెలుగు లిపి
Thai	Sukhothai	13th century	Thai language	Thai	U+0E00–U+0E7F	อักษรไทย
Tibetan	Gupta	8th century	Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language	Tibt	U+0F00–U+0FFF	བོད་ཡིག་
Tigalari/Tulu	Grantha	9th century	Tulu, Kannada, and Sanskrit	Tutg	U+11380–U113FF	𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻𑎭𑎹𑎦𑎹
Tirhuta	Siddham	13th century	Historically used for the Maithili language	Tirh	U+11480–U+114DF	𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰

External links#edit

Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
Windows Indic Script Support
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
South Asian Writing Systems
Enhanced Indic Transliterator Archived 8 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Brahmi Script
Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts Archived 1 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine – a Firefox add-on

Categories Brahmic scripts Abugida writing systems

This article is mirrored from “Brahmic scripts” on English Wikipedia, revision 1381373284, written by Wikipedia's contributors and licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Editing it here creates a Quire copy with its own history.

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