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GTK
GTK
Original authorsSpencer Kimball, Peter Mattis
DevelopersThe GNOME Project, eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF)
ReleaseApril 14, 1998
Stable release4.24.1[1]  / 1 October 2026
Preview release4.19.2 / June 27, 2025
Written inC, CSS[2]
Operating systemLinux and Unix-like; partial support for macOS and Windows
TypeWidget toolkit
LicenseLGPLv2.1+
Websitegtk.org
Repositorygitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk

GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit[3] and GTK+[4]) is a free and open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs)[5] targeted at Linux and specifically GNOME (though with some use in other desktop environments). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it.[6]

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis.[7] GTK 4 and GTK 3 are actively maintained, while GTK 2 is no longer supported.[8] GTK 1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.[9]

Software architecture#edit

The GTK toolkit
The GTK toolkit Image: source and license
Simplified software architecture of GTK. Pango, GDK, ATK, GIO, Cairo and GLib
Simplified software architecture of GTK. Pango, GDK, ATK, GIO, Cairo and GLib Image: source and license
GDK contains back-ends to X11, Wayland, Broadway (HTTP), Quartz, and GDI and relies on Cairo for the rendering. Its new SceneGraph is work-in-progress.
GDK contains back-ends to X11, Wayland, Broadway (HTTP), Quartz, and GDI and relies on Cairo for the rendering. Its new SceneGraph is work-in-progress. Image: source and license

GTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written primarily in C; it uses GObject (the GLib object system) for object orientation.[10] The library provides a set of graphical control elements (widgets) for creating graphical user interfaces.

While GTK is primarily used on Linux and Unix-like systems via Wayland and the X11, it is cross-platform and supports Microsoft Windows (via the Windows API), macOS (via Quartz), and web browsers through the Broadway HTML5 backend.[11]

Modern versions of GTK (GTK 4) utilize the GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) rendering engine, drawing graphical elements via Vulkan or OpenGL hardware acceleration.[12] GTK also features a CSS engine that allows developers and users to customize widget appearance at both the application and system levels.[13]

GTK Drawing Kit (GDK)#edit

GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems.

GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)#edit

GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK. GSK lies between the graphical control elements (widgets) and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK version 3.90 released March 2017.

GtkBuilder#edit

GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code. The interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file which is written by hand or generated by a GUI designer, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The description of the user interface is independent from the programming language being used.

Language bindings#edit

Language bindings are available for using GTK from languages other than C, including C++, Genie, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Vala, and others.[14]

Backends#edit

GTK supports various backends, which provides different ways to display GTK applications depending on the system and environment. Examples of GTK backends are:

  • Wayland – Used with the Wayland display server on some Unix-like systems, it is a modern replacement for X11.
  • X11 – The default on Unix-like systems using the X.Org display server.
  • Win32 – For running GTK applications on Windows.
  • Quartz – For macOS support.
  • Broadway – Allows GTK applications to run in web browsers using HTML5 and WebSocket.[15][16]

Development tools#edit

GUI designers#edit

A screenshot of Cambalache Interface Designer
A screenshot of Cambalache Interface Designer Image: source and license

There are several GUI designers for GTK. Here is a selection of GTK GUI designers:

GTK Inspector#edit

A screenshot of the GTK Inspector
A screenshot of the GTK Inspector Image: source and license

The GTK Inspector is a built-in interactive debugging tool in GTK, allowing developers to inspect and modify UI elements, test CSS changes, and analyze widget structure in real time. It can be enabled using the Control + Shift + I or Control + Shift + D shortcuts, or by setting the GTK_DEBUG=interactive environment variable.[21] It was introduced with GTK version 3.14.[22][23]

Features#edit

  • Interactive debugging
  • Real-time CSS testing and modifications
  • Widget magnification for detailed inspection
  • UI structure analysis and object property examination
  • Customizable display settings via environment variables
  • Detailed object inspection (type, state, properties, CSS, actions, etc.)
  • Global application information display
  • CSS rule debugging
  • Rendering pipeline recording and inspection

Development#edit

GTK is mainly developed by The GNOME Project, which also develops the GNOME Development Platform and the GNOME Desktop Environment.[24] GTK is mainly written in C.[25] Many language bindings are available.

GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GNOME Users And Developers European Conference GUADEC meeting to discuss GNOME's current state and future direction.[26] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better interoperate with other desktops.[citation needed]

Many GNOME applications have been ported to GTK 4, which was released in December 2020,[27] however some still use GTK+ 3 (GIMP being a major one).

Build automation#edit

The master branch of GTK utilizes Meson for its build automation. GTK (and GNOME, GLib, etc.) formerly utilized the GNU Build System (named Autotools) as the build automation system of choice. Since August 14, 2017, the Autotools build system files have been dropped.[28]

Criticism#edit

The most common criticism of GTK is the lack of backward-compatibility in major updates, most notably in the application programming interface (API)[29] and theming.[30] As a result, application and theme developers often have to rewrite parts of their code to ensure compatibility with newer versions of GTK.

The compatibility breaks between minor releases during the GTK 3.x development cycle was explained in 2013 by Benjamin Otte as due to strong pressures to innovate, such as providing the features modern users expect and supporting the increasingly influential Wayland display server protocol. Before its release, Benjamin Otte said that GTK 4 would lower the pressure to innovate and move GTK towards stability.[31] Similarly, recent changes to theming are specifically intended to improve and stabilise that part of the API, meaning some investment now should be rewarded later.[citation needed] However, in 2025, GTK 5 is described in the official documentation as "a major new version of GTK that breaks both API and ABI compared to GTK 4.x.", like GTK 3 and 4.[32][33][34]

  • Aurélien Gâteau started Gwenview as an GTK application but switched to Qt early in development.[35]
  • Dirk Hohndel, codeveloper of Subsurface and member of Intel's Open-Source Technology Center, criticized the GTK developers for being abrasive and ignoring most community requests.[36]
  • Hong Jen Yee, the creator of LXDE, expressed disdain for the GTK3 toolkit's radical breaking API changes and increased memory usage, leading him to port the project to Qt, renaming it LXQt.[37]
  • The Audacious music player moved to Qt in version 3.6.[38] The reasons stated by the developers for this include a transition to client-side window decorations, which they claim cause the application to look "GNOME-y and out of place."[39]
  • Wireshark has switched to Qt due to not having a good experience with GTK's cross-platform support.[40]
  • EasyEffects, a popular audio equalizer, is being ported to Qt.[41]

Use#edit

GTK's support for Wayland requires applications to be adapted to Wayland as well.
GTK's support for Wayland requires applications to be adapted to Wayland as well. Image: source and license
Screenshot of GIMP 2.8 – GTK is responsible for managing the interface components of the program, including the menus, buttons, and input fields.
Screenshot of GIMP 2.8 – GTK is responsible for managing the interface components of the program, including the menus, buttons, and input fields. Image: source and license

Applications#edit

Some notable applications that use GTK as a widget toolkit include:

GTK programs can be run on desktop environments based on X11 and Wayland, or others including ones not made with GTK, provided the needed libraries are installed; this includes macOS if X11.app is installed. GTK can be also run on Microsoft Windows. It is used by some popular cross-platform applications like Pidgin and GIMP. wxWidgets, a cross-platform GUI toolkit, uses GTK on Linux by default.[43] Other ports include DirectFB (for example used by the Debian installer).

Desktop environments#edit

Several desktop environments utilize GTK as the widget toolkit.

Current#edit

Inactive#edit

Window managers#edit

The following window managers use GTK:

GtkSourceView#edit

For syntax highlighting there is GtkSourceView, "source code editing widget". GtkSourceView is maintained by GNOME separately from GTK as a library: gtksourceview. There are plans to rename to gsv.[citation needed]

GtkSpell#edit

GtkSpell is a library separate from GTK. GtkSpell depends on GTK and Enchant. Enchant is a wrapper for ispell, hunspell, etc., the actual spell checker engine/software. GtkSpell uses GTK's GtkTextView widget, to highlight misspelled words and offer replacement.

History#edit

GTK was originally designed and used in the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) as a replacement of the Motif toolkit; at some point Peter Mattis became disenchanted with Motif and began to write his own GUI toolkit named the GIMP toolkit and had successfully replaced Motif by the 0.60 release of GIMP.[44] Finally GTK was re-written to be object-oriented and was renamed GTK+.[45] This was first used in the 0.99 release of GIMP. GTK was subsequently adopted for maintenance by the GNOME Foundation, which uses it in the GNOME desktop environment.

GTK 2#edit

The GTK 2.0.0 release (2002[46]) series introduced new features which include improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using the Accessibility Toolkit, transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings, and a more flexible API. Starting with version 2.8, released in 2005, GTK 2 depends on the Cairo graphics library for rendering vector graphics.[47]

GTK 3#edit

GTK version 3.0.0 (2011[48]) included revised input device handling, support for themes written with CSS-like syntax, and the ability to receive information about other opened GTK applications. All rendering was done using Cairo.[49]

The '+' was dropped returning to simply 'GTK' in February 2019 during a Hackathon.[50]

GTK 4#edit

Release of the first GTK 4 version was in December 2020. At the 2018 edition of DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the then-current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes were being made to GTK 4, and the reasons for those changes. Examples of things that have become possible with GTK 4 were given as well.[51]

One of the main changes made during the GTK 4 development cycle (i.e. GTK 3.92, etc.) was the removal of user customization options (like individual keyboard shortcuts that could be set in GTK+ 2), and the delegation of functionality to ancillary objects instead of encoding it into the base classes provided by GTK. Other changes include:

  • Event handling from signal handlers described by GtkWidget is delegated to event controllers.
  • Rendering is delegated to GtkSnapshot objects.
  • The layout mechanism is delegated from GtkWidget to GtkLayoutManager.
  • Cairo was de-emphasized and Vulkan or GL were used instead to draw most graphical elements.[52]

Releases#edit

Release seriesInitial releaseMajor enhancementsLatest minor version
1.01998-04-13[53]First stable version1.0.
1.21999-02-25[54]New widgets:
GtkFontSelector
GtkPacker
GtkItemFactory
GtkCTree
GtkInvisible
GtkCalendar
GtkLayout
GtkPlug
GtkSocket
1.2.10
2.02002-03-11[55]GObject
Overall support for UTF-8
2.0.9
2.22002-12-22[56]Multihead support2.2.4
2.42004-03-16[57]New widgets:
GtkFileChooser
GtkComboBox
GtkComboBoxEntry
GtkExpander
GtkFontButton
GtkColorButton
2.4.14
2.62004-12-16[58]New widgets:
GtkIconView
GtkAboutDialog
GtkCellView
The last to support Windows 98/Me
2.6.10
2.82005-08-13[59]Most widgets are rendered by Cairo2.8.20
2.102006-07-03[60]New widgets:
GtkStatusIcon
GtkAssistant
GtkLinkButton
GtkRecentChooser
Print support: GtkPrintOperation
2.10.14
2.122007-09-14[61]GtkBuilder2.12.12
2.142008-09-04[62]JPEG 2000 load support2.14.7
2.162009-03-13[63]New widget: GtkOrientable
Caps Lock warning in password entry
Improvements on GtkScale, GtkStatusIcon, GtkFileChooser
2.16.6
2.182009-09-23[64]New widget: GtkInfoBar
Improvement on file chooser, printing
To remove much of the necessary IPC between the X11 application and the X11 server, GDK is rewritten (mainly by Alexander Larsson) to use "client-side windows", i.e., the GdkWindow, which every widget must have, belongs now to the client
2.18.9
2.202010-03-23[65]New widgets:
GtkSpinner
GtkToolPalette
GtkOffscreenWindow
Improvement on file chooser, keyboard handling, GDK
Introspection data is now included in GTK
2.20.1
2.222010-09-23[66]GdkPixbuf moved to separate module
Most GDK drawing are based on Cairo
Many internal data are now private and can be sealed in preparation to GTK 3
2.22.1
2.242011-01-30[67]New widget: GtkComboBoxText which had previously been a custom widget shipped with Gtkmm
The CUPS print backend can send print jobs as PDF
GtkBuilder has gained support for text tags and menu toolbuttons and many introspection annotation fixes were added
Migrating from GTK+ 2.x to GTK+ 3
2.24.33
(2020-12-21)[68]
3.02011-02-10[69]Development and design of the GTK 3 release of the toolkit started in February 2009 during the GTK Theming Hackfest held in Dublin[70]
The first draft of the development roadmap was released on April 9, 2009[71]
Completed mostly Project Ridley
the attempt to consolidate several libraries that were external to GTK+
including libgnome, libgnomeui, libgnomeprint22, libgnomeprintui22, libglade, libgnomecanvas, libegg, libeel, gtkglext, and libsexy[72]
All the rendering is done using Cairo
GDK became more X11 agnostic
XInput2, theme API is based on Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), worsening the achievable performance for 60 Hz frame rates
3.0.12
3.22011-09-25[73]New widgets:
GtkLockButton
GtkOverlay
New Font Chooser dialog
New experimental backends:
Wayland
HTML5 (named "Broadway")
3.2.4
3.42012-03-26[74]Menu support in GtkApplication
A new color chooser
Added support for touch devices
Added support for smooth scrolling
GtkScrolledWindow will do kinetic scrolling with touch devices
macOS support is improved
This is the first version of GTK 3 that works well on Windows
The Wayland backend is updated to the current Wayland version
Spin buttons have received a new look
Accessibility: the treeview accessible support is rewritten
More complete CSS theming support
3.4.4
3.62012-09-24[75]New widgets:
GtkSearchEntry
GtkMenuButton
GtkLevelBar
Vertical spin buttons
CSS animations, blur shadows
Support for cross-fading and transitions in themes
3.6.5
3.82013-03-25[76]Wayland 1.0 stable support
Support for the broadwayd server
Improved theming
Better geometry management
Touch improvements
Support with the window manager for the frame synchronization protocol
GdkFrameClock added[77]
3.8.9
3.102013-09-23[78]New widgets:
GtkHeaderBar
GtkPlacesSidebar
GtkStack
GtkStackSwitcher
GtkRevealer
GtkSearchBar
GtkListBox
Support for Wayland 1.2
maximization
animated cursors
multiple monitors
settings
custom surfaces
frame synchronization
Added:
client-side decorations
scaled output support on high-dpi screens
fine-adjustment mode for scrolling
Removed:
support for the Motif DND protocol
support for multiple screens per display
gdk_window_get_display
gtk_widget_push_composite_child
Tear-off menu-items, plus many GTK settings
The modern GTK drawing model
3.10.9
3.122014-03-25[79]Client-side decorations[80]
Support for Wayland 1.5
New widget: GtkPopover (an alternative to menus and dialogs)
3.12.2
3.142014-09-22[81]GtkInspector (a copy of gtkparasite) introduced[82][83]
Improved support for gestures/multi-touch merged[84][85]
Deprecated:[86]
GtkMisc
GtkAlignment
GtkArrow
GdkColor
Style regions
support for .icon files
gdk_window_flush
drawing outside of begin/end paint
Most widgets converted to use gestures internally
Wayland supports GNOME Shell classic mode[87]
3.14.15
3.162015-03-22[88]GDK supports rendering windows using OpenGL for X11 and Wayland using libepoxy
New widgets:
GtkGLArea
GtkStackSidebar
GtkModelButton
GtkPopoverMenu
Scrolling overhauled (scrollbar hidden by default[89])
Experimental Mir backend[90]
3.16.7
3.182015-09-23[91]Add CSS node infrastructure
More filechooser design refresh and better filechooser search
Dropped Windows XP support
Model support for list and flow box
Kinetic touchpad scrolling
Touchpad gestures (Wayland)
gtk-builder-tool utility
Output-only windows
3.18.9
3.202016-03-21[92]Further Integration of CSS nodes[93]
Move drag and drop down to GDK
New widget: GtkShortcutsWindow (shows keyboard shortcuts and gestures of an application)
3.20.10
3.222016-09-21[94]Last 3.x release[95]
Wayland tablet support is merged,[96] support for graphics tablets is considered feature complete[97]
GTK 3.22 shall be as rock-stable (and hence "boring") as GTK 2[31][98][99]
for 3+ years
3.22.29
3.242018-09-03[100]3.22 was supposed to be the last version of GTK 3 series
3.24 was mainly released to ease migrating from GTK+ 3.x to GTK+ 4
Dependency bumps – require:
libepoxy 1.4
pango 1.41
New font chooser features:
allow setting OpenType font features
show examples for OpenType font features
allow selecting OpenType font variations
support levels of details for selection
New Emoji features:
support a completion popup for Emoji
drop Ctrl-Shift-e shortcut
Other new APIs: gdk_window_move_to_rect
Wayland: use anonymous shared memory on FreeBSD
Backported event controllers from GTK 4:
GtkEventControllerScroll
GtkEventControllerMotion
GtkEventControllerKey
GtkGestureStylus
Deprecate a few APIs that are gone in GTK 4:
focus chains in GtkContainer
stepper sensitivity in GtkRange
3.23.0
3.23.1
3.23.2
3.23.3
3.24.0
...3.24.5
3.24.14
...
3.24.51
3.902017-03-31[101]GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) merged[7]
Remove any API marked as deprecated
Heavy development
break API & ABI[98][99]
A new Vulkan-renderer augments the old Cairo-renderer[102]
3.89.1

3.89.2
3.89.4
3.89.5
3.90
3.922017-10-18[103][104]As GNOME 3.26 was released already on September 13, 2017,[105] it was not based on GTK 3.92.
GNU autotools was replaced with Meson.
3.91.0

3.91.1
3.91.2
3.92.1
3.942018-06-26[106]3.93
GdkScreen, GdkVisual removed
GdkDeviceManager replaced by GdkSeat
Clipboard handling is moved from GTK to GDK
GdkEvent is converted to an opaque GObject
the GL renderer in GSK is substantially completed, and is now on par with the Vulkan renderer
the use of GdkPixbuf in APIs is reduced
and the GskTexture object is moved to GDK as GdkTexture, to take its place
the Wayland backend now implements the KDE server-side decoration protocol
Broadway is ported to GSK.
GdkWindow renamed to GdkSurface
New abstraction for drawable content: GdkPaintable
There is support for displaying media with:
GtkVideo
GtkMediaFile
GtkMediaStream
GtkMediaControls
3.93
3.94.0
3.962019-05-07[107]The gtk4-builder-tool simplify command has gained a --3to4 option to convert GTK3 ui files to GTK4; though with AMTK menus, toolbars or other objects like GtkShortcutsWindow are created programmatically (not with a *.ui file), but with convenient APIs.[108]
GtkWidget can now use a GtkLayoutManager for size allocation
layout managers can optionally use layout children holding layout properties
GtkBinLayout, GtkBoxLayout, GtkGridLayout, GtkFixedLayout and GtkCustomLayout are currently available
more layout manager implementations will appear in the future
Focus handling has been rewritten, and focus-change event generation has been unified with crossing events
Events have been simplified and are just used for input:
expose events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::render signal
configure events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::size-changed signal
map events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::mapped property
gdk_event_handler_set has been replaced by a GdkSurface::event signal
key events no longer contain a string
events on unmapped widgets are ignored
3.93
3.94.0
3.982020-02-10[107]Performance improvements
Drag and drop refactoring
Moving GDK towards Wayland
Removals
GtkMenu, GtkToolbar and similar classes have been replaced by GMenu.
Additions
Emoji chooser
Text widgets now have undo stacks
A new layout manager[109]
3.96.0
3.99.02020-07-31[110]Introduced successor to Accessibility Toolkit (ATK).[111] The new approach will implement WAI-ARIA (World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications).
Updated headers to use standard C types instead of GLib types
New widgets
Fixes and improvements[110]
3.99.4
4.02020-12-16[112]4.0.3
4.22021-03-30[113]4.2.1
4.42021-08-23[114]4.4.1
4.62021-12-30[115]4.6.9
4.82022-09-06[116]4.8.3
4.102023-03-04[117]GtkFileChooser deprecated (use GtkFileDialog)[118]4.10.5
4.122023-08-05[119]4.12.5
4.142024-03-12[120]4.14.6
4.162024-06-09[121]4.16.12
4.182025-03-14[122]4.18.6
4.192025-04-06[123]4.19.4
4.202025-08-29[124]4.20.4
4.212025-09-29[125]4.21.6
4.222026-03-06[126]4.22.5
4.242026-09-12[127]4.24.0
Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
Preview version
Future version

See also#edit

References#edit

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  34. ^ "Gtk: Migrating from GTK 3.x to GTK 4". docs.gtk.org. Retrieved August 19, 2025.
  35. ^ Aurélien Gâteau (October 3, 2021). "The story behind Gwenview name". agateau.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2024. Yes, you read this right! Gwenview started its life as a GTK+ application!
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